Descriptions:
Video Description
The seventh lesson brings in the third group of nouns and the first look at a fully independent subjunctive. Ammon Hillman starts with the two little words men (μέν) and de (δέ), the Greek way of saying on the one hand and on the other hand, and uses a sentence about horses to show how they set up a contrast before a single verb is translated. The same exercise introduces the relative pronoun hos (ὅς), who or which, and the rule that its case follows its job inside its own clause while its gender and number agree with the noun it points back to.
Then the grammar shifts to stems. In the third declension, a noun keeps its real shape in the genitive, so elpis (ἐλπίς), hope, becomes elpidos (ἐλπίδος), and charis (χάρις), grace, becomes charitos (χάριτος). The lesson pulls meaning out of the same roots: gnome (γνώμη), judgment or consent, is what is taken from a person through force, and genos (γένος), kind or stock, is where the word genocide begins. These are not dry lists; they are the logic behind the language.
The close drills three independent uses of the subjunctive: hortatory, let us do something; deliberative, are we to do something; and prohibitive, do not do something. The student works a fragment in which a hand washes a hand, and the hour ends by assigning the next unit while reminding the class that every sentence should be broken down for structure before it is read as English.
Full Video Transcript
pretty good how are you fantastic sorry i’m late oh you’re good how’s the uh work coming um pretty
good i was uh working on a few of these exercises yeah good did you do some from six and five or
five or what uh i did some from six okay fantastic i want to go back to warm up and i want to do a
a couple from five and we’ll do them together we’ll do them together and whenever whenever we
translate together i want you to uh kind of pay attention to the fact that i’m throwing you things
to help out right so you’re kind of you’re fighting a lot you’re fighting along with me
right going through the yeah going through the exercises so we can get so we can get this stuff
flowing and just talk about it like for example just go to page 135 and just casually don’t be
nervous because i’m gonna be translating it with you all right but go to number four and look it’s
basically three lines so it’s a considerable amount of greek right yeah but i just want to
kind of take a little i kind of want to take a little you know stroll through it looking at the
words i’m looking for a verb god damn it why where’s the verb is there oh god look it’s all
the way on the second line it’s halfway halfway through the second line do you see that yeah
Yeah, es, es, on, to.
Good.
Imperfect, right?
Yeah.
Omen, u, eto, ome, te, este, on, to, third person, singular.
Yeah.
And it’s active or passive?
Oh, it’s passive.
Good.
Yeah.
No, don’t, again, don’t say sorry.
All I’m doing is I’m activating that circuit in your brain.
So don’t say sorry.
Yes.
Okay.
but it’s important that you think about it just like you did instead of just saying yes and
agreeing with me don’t do that if you don’t see something try to work it out in your head first
because that’s yeah you know nobody cares about missteps and what’s what right um okay so
so how we translate that it’s a third person plural imperfect
they were being sacrificed yes why do you hesitate is it just because you don’t want
people to get sacrificed or things to get sacrificed right or horses yeah in this case
horses right yeah there’s so yeah yeah so the horses were sacrificed now what i want you to
notice and the reason i’m picking this particular exercise is you’re not going to know what the hell
is going on until you get to the middle of the second line until you see that estelonto
you were what you know who’s what’s happening because look you’re as you’re drifting through
reading it right left to right you know because of the because of the dangers there’s a nice
prepositional phrase right then you’ve got a dative with the gods and you get a subject
there’s your horses so at least you know yes the horses are doing something right and then you get
a comma and another dative and another set of horses oh god so you know okay let’s slow down
and see at least we know that somebody’s being sacrificed so hoy hip boy and through on toe
right now buried in this thing is some is a secret treasure that you’re probably already looking at
there is a construction in here that will tell you exactly how the sentence is to be used it’s
like a secret key do you see that structure in here anywhere um the secret key um to tell you
how to translate yeah that’s nice you like those prepositions you got a preposition fetish i don’t
mind that that’s okay i like prepositions yeah there’s a lot in this one uh i don’t think that’s
the key though i don’t think a preposition has that much has that much rank you know what i mean
it’s some kind of particles or something in here that are being used in a way to tell you this is
how the sentence goes and they’re peculiar to greek yeah um i don’t know what i’m supposed
to be looking for a particle but yeah yeah uh maybe two maybe two look for two odd words in
here they’re gonna tell you how this sentence works it’s the key is it the the the xenon
no no and that’s not a good guess it’s not a good guess either nope i’m not letting you get
away with that okay there’s two alien words there’s two alien words in the first line that
are telling you the underlying structure of this sentence there’s two alien words they create a
structure okay um i want you to find it i don’t want to give it to you okay that’s fine i’ll find
oh it’s uh uh hoy and hey right um it’s nice that those are there and look like each other it looks
like it’s some kind of contrast but no those are not the words you’re gonna kick yourself i don’t
even know yeah probably uh i okay um you ready for frustration sure okay you want one more crack
okay i’ll give you another crack at it last one take your crack at it tell me there’s two words
Oh, it is. It isn’t Monday.
There you go. OK, I told you
I was like a strange words I’ve never seen before.
As if I’m working on them all the time. OK. Yeah.
Right. There you go.
So it’s it’s one of these on the one hand, on the one hand.
Yeah, on the one hand.
Go ahead. You want to work it?
Keep keep working.
OK, look at where it wait before you do that.
Look at where the men it’s it’s between the definite article
toys and theos so you know it’s on the one hand has something to do with the gods masculine look
at the dead on the other hand tice theos those are the female gods so we’re going to have something
about on the one hand these horses are sacrificed to the gods on the other hand the sacrifice to the
goddesses ride by the yeah see how it works out i just want you to be looking at the structure
of how the sentence works out now you’re just filling in the blanks right as soon as you see the
yes men and the death that’s how you know right and that’s why we step back when we translate
and we first look at the structure good good you want to give it a crack that first sentence um
um it sounds like i’m asking you if you want to but i’m really not
um so mende in order that or is it on on the one hand right um on the one hand the uh um because of
the danger of the god’s horses oh the horses no it’s been good good on the one hand the horses
It’s the one.
Oh, the horses, what did I say, were being sacrificed.
Good.
On the one hand, the horses were being sacrificed twice the ois.
To the gods.
To the gods, and why?
Dia tus quindunos.
Because.
Oh, because.
Because of the danger.
Dangers, yeah, right.
it’s like again remember they’re just making this up right so it’s not like supposed to make a lot
of great sense but yeah because the dangers right all right so good on the one hand their sacrifice
to the gods on the other hand tice they always their sacrifice tice they always yeah uh the
goddesses yeah and this time the horses that are being sacrificed have a feminine article high
hi he boy so really the best way to translate it would be on the other hand the mares right
the mares right were being sacrificed to the goddesses yeah by the strangers
before the war before the battle oh god it’s a mouthful isn’t it on the one hand
So on the one hand, if we just do the whole thing, starting from the beginning.
On the one hand, the male horses were being sacrificed to the male gods because of the danger.
On the other hand, the female horses were being sacrificed to the female gods by the strangers before the battle.
Yeah, that’s crazy.
okay that’s okay so as you’re as i’m translating you can be looking at the greek following what
i’m doing right that’s a part of exercising now then they give you a second sentence like you
know it’s a little paragraph so we’re gonna the story continues
look at that that one you can find the verb right away
and what is that that’s an heiress uh yeah yeah do you remember what fullato means fullato that
first principle first yes so translated third person singular um i’m sorry i’m
no why are you apologizing you’re in an intense being slow no stop it stop it don’t do that to
yourself you’re you’ll get there and the more you push yourself because you’re feeling like
you’re slow the more you’re going to slow yourself down so f lock thing what is that
third person singular aorist passive he she it was uh guarded good and where’s the he she it
it’s in the subject which in the line above is hey hora uh-huh the land toned xenon that’s the of
land the land do you remember what a xenos is he’s just said it and i uh it’s the strangers
of strange stranger yeah stranger danger the land of the strangers was not guarded
how would you translate
it’s with that passive
and it’s establishing agency
I can’t remember what
when it’s establishing
when it’s establishing agency
it’s by
by the gods
it was not guarded by the gods
the land of the strangers
was not guarded by the gods poor strangers right yeah okay look that’s three lines so i want you
to notice your speed is increasing okay what questions do you have on that sentence um i
think we figured them all out but uh that was a rough one now it’s a lengthy it’s it’s two sentences
and it’s it’s three lines so it’s lengthy now that you know what it means i want you to go back
and i want you to read it in greek just out loud and i want you to notice if your brain is doing
anything as you read it so just go ahead and read it in greek okay dia tus kindunos tuis mentheoes
hoi hipoi haiste theos hae hipoi hupo ton xeno estuonto bro majon he ton xeno
okay so as you’re reading it i noticed in the first line that your pauses were
where they should be if you’re understanding the units the grammatical units the syntactical units
here right so a definite article with its noun for example that’s a unit so i can hear that
you’re pausing so you’re having rational pauses between those units that shows me what you’re
picking up right right if you’re putting promo home together promo you realize oh it’s a
prepositional phrase this goes together that’s outstanding right fantastic so men and death
we got into that right yeah go just down to number eight and i just want you to identify
the grammatical structure of the first sentence which ends on the second line about halfway
through i want you to tell me what is the grant breakdown what kind of clauses do we have here
just look at it up to the period first of all go ahead and read it to yourself out loud
and then just break it down grammatically.
I don’t want a translation.
I just want you to tell me what it’s got going on grammatically.
Let’s see.
I’m going to read it to you in English.
The poem is from the Church of China.
I’m going to read it to you in English.
okay okay so just to the period i want you to tell me what is the grammatical structure on
those first two lines what what do we see well we see the a in the beginning and the
the um the the verb immediately and the plop right okay um what is that keep going uh it’s um
uh present optative passive and and then uh it it pinpoint and the optative so it’s an a plus an
optative good well yeah and what’s in what’s in the
hypothesis what’s in the next verb let’s see
um where’s that second oh it’s a it’s a it’s
epimon right good good what is that and uh i was thinking it was
um imperfect good so good a plus an optative followed by an
imperfect is what so it’d be kind of conditional a did did so i passed general good so that one
you know is going to be if something did something then something did something okay fine now look at
the rest of the sentence though what did they tuck in there they tucked in a henna and yeah which
means um is that an an order that yes good okay it’s good and it’s followed by an optative we’ve
got the ointa right we’ve got the oi there so we know that’s an optative so we know it’s going to
be in order that somebody might you know they might yeah um good and notice about that that
it’s ointa right so that’s that’s passive that’s definitely passive and look what follows it
logically a hoopoe so that’s a an agency there as you’re trying to tell us who’s the agent of this
guarding right guarded by the strata and the soldiers in order that they might be guarded by
the soldiers yeah good fantastic right i just want you to see that you are fundamentally looking at
structure when you are trying to translate so um look at number 10 look at number 10 when you look
that thing and analyze that for structure is that yeah that’s it
look there’s no verb you know i was looking at that one earlier
were you okay yeah okay so you know what the drill is well i was like not good the horses the stone
in the plane i’m like where’s the invisible uh right b um where’s the verb go look for the
subject look for the subject with an article so now yes there’s your subject yeah the stones but
what kind of stones are they they’re holy the kind of stone stones that hoy in toy pedioy the stones
on the plane on the plane oh which stones are they they’re the stones on the plane that’s why they’re
they’re reproducing the article twice it’s telling you hey go back and look at the lethal because
we’re about to describe them to you right those are which kind of lethal are there there’s the
ones on the plane what are they they look they look agathoi they are not good yeah for whom
for the horses right that’s that’s great
that was my guess but i mean okay take it down okay you read unit six what was your you got any
gut instinct how does it compare is it getting harder or is it just the same thing it is the
same thing it i mean it’s true that it seems like it’s not harder it’s just more stuff it’s just
more it’s just more and yeah i’ve been trying i was trying to memorize all all day and i think
i studied for like five hours but oh gorgeous okay on it so we need to we need to somehow
gather all that data about you like how much time you’re spending so that’s good that you’re saying
that for the record you’re reading that into the record and i need to make a mental note of that
okay so you’re spending like five hours okay throughout the day spread out so spread out
it doesn’t matter that it’s you know as that’s if that’s how you can take it right because you
couldn’t sit down for five hours and do five hours of memorization it’s just too much it’s too much
straight you got to get a salad or go middle day and then the evening yeah what do you do between
the times do you just like go and do the stuff you gotta do like go to the grocery store or
something yeah take care of the kids yeah yeah keep house you’re juggling you’re juggling your
taking care of the kids with learning what is definitely the hardest language of humanity
that’s yeah yeah i’ve uh i’ve been moving and and stuff too so you’re moving are you and all the
yeah i was are you gonna move in the middle of this yeah i already moved and so you already did
oh yeah okay you’re unpacking fantastic people you gotta realize nobody’s got an excuse now right
right so okay madeline it if you make it through the whole series the whole text which i’m very
i’m very optimistic that you will and i’m a little time i’m a little bit concerned to be honest
because you may skew the whole fucking uh experiment right the next the next person i
get then if i try to hold them to your standard they may totally fall short and so and then it’ll
just be a matter of okay it’s got to be right most of the success of that course was madelaine
not me which makes me quite jealous look at look at page 139 we’ll take a break in a little bit
but look at page 139 um you were you were looking at third declension nouns we were going to start
this new family of nouns and i just want you to see some of them at the bottom that they gave you
full locks full lacrosse and i want you to notice that that is a guardian right a guard they tell
you um but i want you to notice that we’re using the verb fullato so you’re gonna see you’re gonna
see now relations between words and that’s what i want to focus on as we sprint through your
vocabulary this is a nice introduction to your third declension how do you feel about look at
the nominative and the genitives here? Fulax, Fulacos, right? What happened? Oh, God, something
funny happened, right? Our C turned into a kappa. Look at the next one. Ix, Ix, Igos,
our word for goat. Our C there turned into a gamma. Wait a minute. Something’s going
on. So you can see that letters can transform. That’s the big lesson here, right? And I want
you to see which letters can give birth to which letters the full locks and the the c and the kappa
and the c and the gamma i want you to notice that those are all friendly with each other
okay on the next line down you’ve got elpis elpidos right the word for hope hope and this time
the genitive doesn’t it doesn’t just have a letter change it’s got a letter addition plus
a subtraction of the sigma so you drop the sigma and you get a delta you get a delta something as
funny as going on the sigma in haris is turning into haritos turning into a tau how is this stuff
happening is it in there are they related is it like the full locks and the cap is that child
that’s being given birth what they’re doing here that when they introduce you to the third
declension of nouns is they’re they’re they’re really showing you the complex stems right that
are going to be absorbed and going to change their form of the nominative you do not know the stem of
a noun in greek until you’re looking at its genitive case what is the stem in the first noun
it’s full lock it’s full lock that’s what it is what is the stem in the second it’s i what is the
stem in the third? Elpid. Elpid. The stem of Elpis is Elpid. The stem of Haris is Harit.
And the stem of Soma is Somat. Somat. You’re getting your stem from the genitive case.
That’s why in any lexicon of classical Greek, you’re going to have the nominative and the
regenerative reproduce for you so that you can get a feel for those um for what the stem what
the actual stem is is that okay does you feel pretty comfortable with that yeah it’s not too
crazy right it’s not too crazy no not for a while no let’s go to some words and i want you to break
this stuff down since you’re so good at it now i want you to start breaking it right this is paid
no pressure this is page 150 vocabulary ix igos we did it means goat look you can use a masculine
or a feminine article with it if you want to change the sex of the goat right look at the
second entry the enclitic particle oh god proclitics enclitics adhere either in front or
to the end of something they’re particles and they’re these little words that the greek is
using that we really don’t use in english so what does this one do this yeah yeah it emphasizes
or limits the preceding word it emphasizes or limits when you’re looking at that you’re going
to have to think is it emphasizing is it limiting it what is it doing yeah look at how they say you
can translate it at any rate or at least at least oh that makes a little more sense okay so for now
stick with that try at any rate or at least just try those when you see that geth but you’ll see
as you read more and more greek how this is used right your system will pick it up and use it
properly yeah um go to get on below that that’s a nice noun but look at its genitive it’s get on
toss take off that omicron sigma and you get get on that is the base it’s the stem the root of that
word get on oh god don’t you love it what is nome it is an opinion or a judgment are you sure yeah
i want you to hey chewy oh chewy’s busy um when chewy’s back i’m gonna tell her how do i switch
to can they see the whole thing who is they madelaine and the voices in her head i know
there’s i know there’s some specific voices in your head here do you see the tell me madelaine
when you see the liddell scott i see you see okay tell me about this word no may means what it’s
a means of knowledge a mark or a token the token the mark in your skin is that some kind of means
of knowing yeah right yeah it’s gorgeous the way that they think isn’t it yeah it’s it’s like a
reality that’s there that you don’t understand until it like forces its way in organ by which
one perceives you know so it can be that instrument when they say organ don’t think like
body organ that’s not what they mean yeah it means an instrument it’s a greek word
it’s your instrument yeah you the nome of your soul right is your judgment it’s your thought
it’s when you madalena thank is sitting there thinking i am madalena right yes right that
that working of your soul is your judgment. Okay, so that’s how they’re looking at. Look at number
two, though, down from that. It’s your inclination. When I see that, I’m like, okay, it gives it a
little bit of kind of this freedom. So you can see they use it for zeal, right? For zeal. It’s
your inclination it’s your your consent your initiative is this what’s taken away
nome is what’s taken away when you rape someone you take away their ability to be
disposed their will their consent right yeah that’s more than just opinion right right
look at the one at the bottom i love this number four in the plural you see sophocles uses it this
way to represent illusions some kind of hallucination right some kind of you know
farce that is not real right it’s really neat the way that you know you can then play with the word
and all these in blue madalena these are all different authors look at all these different
plato herodotus sophocles right xenophon aristophanes they’re all over the place
aristotle pindar so whenever you say somebody’s like talking about gnosticism right and all that
kind of stuff and they don’t have a base in the language they really don’t know what they’re
talking about yeah how do i what do you think about that uh i think a lot about it actually
i see that stuff all the time and i’m like oh man yeah you don’t even know how deep it goes or
how complex yeah exactly exactly so when we look at the list on the page and it says gnome right
and they i was i was pretty taught to just to hear a little bit of the gamma in there but
some people would say no me but no me um that opinion or judgment you know it’s way bigger
de nos de ne de non there’s a nice adjective three termination so it’s got a masculine de nos a
feminine de ne and a neuter de non yeah and it means fearsome and then marvelous wait a minute
fearsome and marvelous are not in the same universe and then clever right none of those is
in the same universe right that those are three different words what are they doing trying to pack
three different words um the only way to learn this word is to learn what how it’s used and
they’ll use it for people and the people that they use it for are cersei right right think about that
for a minute right right these are all the attributes of um a particular personality type
the goddess of the hunt is is fearful terrible clever uh you know dainey
so if you can understand that there is a that being afraid of someone um who is clever
causing you a feeling of marvel right you’re looking at at certain women from antiquity
now it’s not used just for women but those are the ones that stick out to me whenever i’m reading
so i notice where this adjective is being used and it’s usually being used of these queens
yeah these potnia um who are dani they’re they’re fearsome they’re they’re look what’s right
underneath it just out of coincidence maybe your chance it’s the word doulos the word for slave
yeah right these women are who are terrible fearsome clever women they’re also makers of
slaves and they push dulea slavery and that’s a huge part of odysseus’s problem throughout
the odyssey he is he is not what is the word underneath the verb duleo duleo just means to
be a slave to someone right i’m slaving it duleo i’m slaving it right duleo so i will be
slave in it right i’m going to my shift right now right right i’m i’m being a slave
because they would say you you know they would look at us and they would say you’re not a society
free of slaves i don’t know what you’re talking about um look at that that’s what odysseus is not
the doulos is not free right they’ve got they’ve got no look underneath that try to say that i
this one is difficult yeah yeah you say it more musical than i do makes me jealous um look at the
look at the word for a greek what is a greek underneath that what is a greek
helen right that’s a greek helen it’s hellenic nobody calls them greeks except for the romans
who are hot builders right right that’s what the romans call right but what do they call themselves
right they’re hellenists they’re they’re they’re greeks look i can’t help it alphys alpidos hope
we saw that kata there’s a nice preposition new one you get it right kata when it’s with
the genitive under or against according to oh you froze are you froze for a sense kata sorry
okay just do kalua read kalua kalua okay kalua
good now read them again this time focus on the accent and i’m telling you to do this for a reason
accent
good good and i want you to notice that we’ve had all of these principal parts
coluos the present to the imperfect coluso’s the future e colusa is your heiress
is your perfect kekolumai what is that
it’s uh it’s a perfect but instead of what is it oh god
my side type math is that untied right it’s jumping into that passive form good and then
the ecoluthane they should have yep there it is ecoluthane is your heiress passive isn’t that nice
oh god oh god okay let’s go now to take a break and when we come back what i want to do
is I want to look at cognitively
the relative pronoun on page 142
because the two big things about this unit
are its relative pronoun and its use of the subjunctive.
It’s use of the subjunctive. Okay? Gorgeous. Let’s do it.
Let’s take, how much time do you want? You want 10 minutes? You want 15
minutes? What do you want? 15’s good.
take 15 i’ll see you at oh god what an awkward time i did let’s see
15 minutes would be 40 let’s see 37 47 would be 10
50 fucking two come back okay 50 fucking two okay see you then all right
right fantastic so much work being done i love that we’re gonna talk
madalena how are you fine are you ready to learn what a relative pronoun is and how to use the
subjunctive yeah okay i need help with the subjunctive i wrapped my head around that
yes i’m glad you said that good okay thanks for letting me know that’s what we’ll get to
but in order to get there we’re going to start with the relative pronoun so just look at their
first paragraph a noun or pronoun can be this page 142 a noun or pronoun can be modified by
an adjective so they give the example ho agathos anthropos the good man it can be modified by
another noun in the genitive case so sto biblion homeru the book of homer right homer’s book
can be modified by a prepositional phrase hoi politai the citizens which ones in tei horai
the citizens in the countryside or by an adverb hoi nun politai the citizens who are nun who are
now who are present day okay so okay good i’ve i feel pretty confident i know i know the basics
of how the pronouns, right, can be modified by what can be modified? Okay, good. Now look what
he says, though. A noun or pronoun can also be modified by a dependent clause called a relative
clause. So this is another type of dependent clause. It’s going to depend. It’s going to hang
off of that main verb, right? It has to depend on that main verb. These are relative clauses,
and they’re introduced by relative pronouns and then he gives you some examples i just want you
to see in bold the relative is first in the clause in english right the poet who wrote the book who
wrote the book is your relative clause who is your relative pronoun good they give it to you
the second example the poet whose book all right whose book all right or of whom the book we sent
to the island right whose book look at the dative form that they’re going to use the poet to whom we
sent the book and finally the object there the object there the poet whom we educated
they just ran you through a list of the nominative genitive data kind of yes
okay the forms of this thing that you’re gonna have to know are on page 143 they’re easy
hoss who hoi hon notice they have rough breathing rough breathing right did you
look really closely and carefully blow up this page 143 yeah look at these
relative pronouns and look at those rough breathings that are on them I want
you to notice that’s really important that rough breathing is gonna give us
the relative feel hoss who hoy hon good good in the feminine hey he’s hey hey hi hon hi
good and in the neuter hall who hoy oh who boy
yeah good good so relatives they’re easy to spot because of that rough breathing that’s what you’re
going to be looking for now let’s just look at a couple of examples at the bottom on page 1 through
43 okay we can now do this in greek which you know the person says agathos right what does that just
mean by itself the poet is good the poet is good that’s a complete that’s a complete sentence
but we’re going to tack on we’re going to tack on a clause to that right oh god and what do we get
this dependent clause horse the poet who horse who wrote the book notice that the horse is in
the nominative case why because it is the subject of egropson its own clause it is the subject
its case will tell you what it does in its own clause but its gender and number masculine
singular that’s dictated by its antecedent its antecedent the thing that it’s talking about
is the poietes that is masculine singular right so it’s going to be masculine singular always
but it can change its its case from what it’s doing within its own clause good uh look at the
second one agathos ho poietes again the poet’s good and then it switches it to a genitive
yeah the book of whom or whose book whose book
we sent to the island you see that whose book we sent to the island the poet whose book we
sent to the island is a good person right agathos good okay so how do you feel they’re
going to go on to give us a dative on 144 and it’s just going to be the poet is good again
to whom at pimp son men we sent the biblion to whom we sent the book right the poet to whom we
sent the book is good that’s in the dative case see how the hoy is in the case then in the
accusative you’ve got hon at pi dale summon whom we educated hon is the accusative case because
it’s being acted on by the verb good all right um that is basically everything that you need to know
about that relative pronoun and how to translate it i don’t want to beat it too much than that
we’ll see it in the too much more than that we’ll see it in the exercises right yeah i want to get
to the subjunctive this is an important moment right now in the intensive experience because
you’re going to have to figure out how to use subjunctives and we said before that you can’t
really translate them you can’t just you know like poya oh i make but when you turn it into
a subject you can’t be like well i i may make you know if i were to make you know well how do you
use it so here are a couple of ways to use the subjunctive by itself bring up text that’s why
why they call this the independent subjunctive, right? It says, in addition to its use in purpose
clauses after primary tense of the indicative and in the prophecies of the future more vivid
and present general conditional sentences, so in addition to the conditionals and the purpose
clauses that you can use subjunctive in, guess what? Now the subjunctive mood, it can be employed
in three types of independent clause that means they’re totally they don’t rely on anything else
you can just have a sentence there with your subjunctive right you don’t have to have it with
another clause determining what it’s going to do look at just look at the example of the first one
this is the hortatory it’s an exhortation let us do something pow omen look at the example pow
omen let us stop let us stop tain makin let us stop the battle notice how powellman is subjunctive
see the omegas long it’s just a present subjunctive active right powell let us stop so
this is one way you can use it the subjunctive by yourself as a hortatory if you want to use it with
the negative use a may may powerman let’s not stop yeah a powerman let’s not stop teen mocking the
battle you’re going to be using the may with those subjunctives not the ooh so for this so great
fantastic how about look at the indicative oh powerman we are not stopping or we don’t stop
pain mocking the battle right we are not stopping the battle empowerment you’re using the ooh
which is just the negative right just like may it’s doing the same thing as
yeah but instead you’re using it with the indicative the ooh loves the
indicative the may loves the subjunctive okay good that’s one time okay one type
okay so so far one type of independent subjunctive we’ve got is called the
hortatory let us do something the second time we’ve got is deliberative look at
what is deliberative right you’re deliberating you’re deliberating what do you mean just show
me a freaking example power woman tain mahan are we gonna stop the battle are we supposed to stop
this battle or it’s a question right are we to stop the battle look at the next example they give
angelo may pimpo question am i not sending a messenger am i not to send a messenger
am i is this not something it’s deliberative right you’re you’re entering into deliberation
right deliberation the third type is the prohibitive it’s just telling you not to do
something right right it’s yeah it expresses a prohibition may pow say to pain my hand do not
stop the battle may pow say it’s a prohibition it’s a if you want to refer to it as a negative
command some people like to refer to it as a negative command but you know prohibition is
like you know okay is it a command you know not really it’s not a true imperative right so really
you shouldn’t be calling it that it really is a prohibition as opposed to a negative command yeah
anyway yeah i do not yeah yeah exactly i do not do something may pam says do not don’t send the
messenger may pimp says tona angulon right don’t send them and as soon as you see that subjunctive
by itself by itself in a sentence without a main verb anywhere you know i want you just to stop and
to say okay it’s got to be one of these is it a hortatory is it a deliberative or is it a prohibitive
right which one is which one is it let us do something is it a should we do something or is
it a don’t do something yeah okay good good good good good good and look at what’s happening here
and this i hate these people they get i think i know everything and then they throw this look at
look at the bottom of the page here any independent subjunctive can be used instead of a
future indicative in the hypothesis of a future more vivid ah okay what was that future more
vivid it’s aeon plus a subjunctive yeah followed by a what a future so instead of that future in
the then clause we can substitute an independent subjunctive so look at this they use the
prohibitive here in the first sentence if we do well do not send a messenger right
oh fantastic so it’s like okay you can take the hypothesis you can take the future out and instead
you can insert some kind of conditional i mean some kind of uh independent subjunctive uh they
did it with the hortatory below that if we do well or farewell pimp so man let us send
right instead of we will yeah yeah yeah love it so you can tinker with those conditionals
right and if you don’t identify what it is you’re not going to be able to translate it
that’s just the way yeah good okay i want to before we get into genitives and datives because
there’s just a list for us to do and to go through i want you to go to page to the exercises and i
want you to tell me a couple that you worked on that you want to just kind of throw at me now and
say hey how did i do with with this uh information um starting on 158 is the yeah i um i kind of
tackled the exercises without understanding the unit so okay yeah so um so maybe better to talk
through it first right yeah then hit the ride then hit the exercise okay is there is there one
that you did that you think you did well um uh i i did um like let’s see i i don’t know about well
but i mean i i did probably uh eight of them and um i i tried the first two um but and then number
11 17 um 19 21 23 25. okay let’s go to 11. let’s go to 11. that’s a nice shorty okay
why don’t you read 11 and and let’s discuss our way through it together okay
First of all, just notice that it’s two short sentences.
Yeah, it is.
One after another.
So, yeah.
Remember, and sometimes those short ones can kick you harder than the big ones.
But, yeah.
Right.
Good, good, good.
What’d you get?
uh i i got in in fact we may have been destroyed or released by democracy for that first one okay
slow down look at the first no it’s look everything is off but yeah everything is off for one simple
reason for one simple reason and because the verb i see now that it’s uh um the oh what we just
read through yeah this is um i see how it was uh yes it’s uh i can see that it’s the um like
similar to the deliberative kind of but it’s not asking so how do you how do you figure out how do
figure out which one of those three okay and i would be it is right okay it’s got no question
mark so it’s not gonna so it’s not gonna be deliberative right we’re not gonna be asking
any sort of question so it could be one of the other two so try the other two to see first of
all try a try a hortatory the lettuce yeah the lettuce so it would be let us let us let us let
us a little be released yeah let us dissolve let’s say it dissolves let us dissolve
democracy let’s dissolve the democracy that’s all that says why are we going to do this god
in the next sentence is telling you i’m going to tell you what god okay good for what dana
make dana the subject it’s a it’s a neuter plural subject for dana terrible things that’s a third
person singular because neuter subjects that are plural take singular he he she had um had done
yeah and make the he she at dana terrible things they have been done oh okay it’s a perfect things
yeah terrible things had done have been done have been yes have been done that makes a lot more um
to the people now you could try to the people here the only problem is the only problem is that’s a
perfect and we know that perfect passives like this it’s a passive perfect passives express
agency in the dative case they tell you who is actually doing the verb so terrible things have
been done by the people oh good yes dative of agent you only do that with perfects and m and
pluperfects okay it’ll take you otherwise you’re going to use a hoopoe plus a genitive right
great fantastic right there’s a lot there’s so much to remember isn’t it
there’s a lot yeah what else did you do let’s let’s keep going with a good we got a good rate
i did i did 17. okay read 17 and translate it to me okay um
Um, well, you know, I didn’t really know, um, what a pronoun was until now.
So I’m going to go ahead and say that, um, let me fix this to that.
um okay so that first part of the sentence um i thought it meant um the death of the body is
the fate keep going good keep going um okay um who is who is another who at least who is another
immortal soul yeah let’s let’s do it word for word now right you’re right there you’re nine
you’re ninety percent right okay with respect to i’m just going to translate it with respect
to the body toy somati with respect to the body hey moira its fate is thanatos is death but allah
but hey the soul at least is a thanatos is immortal okay yeah you see that little
game there sitting there you know you’re just you’re kind of contrasting what happens to the
body and so blah you know it’s just kind of yeah setting up a little contrast it’s nice
it’s nice oh look at 19 19 small yeah 19 small oh this is gonna be difficult
oh did you do this one so dana yeah i did dana mean i thought it meant clever but it
means terrible thing well it can it can mean clever oh okay depending um so i wrote uh well
i wrote okay the clever are at least the wisdom of the sea
oh very close very close we’re right there if you just rearrange the make the subject
so taste the lattices of of the sea of course
when you just have a neuter plural article it can be kind of the affairs
the affairs or the things the things it’s really it’s literally the things of the sea
so the affairs of the sea are dana are are clever yeah and who who’s who thinks they’re clever
choice guess a voice for the wise yeah yeah yeah wise people like to consider what happens in the
see i guess whatever again don’t try don’t try to make sense don’t try to make sense of it right
oh god okay um now i want you to do one that you haven’t done look at number 25. i don’t
think i heard i don’t think i heard you say 25. i did uh i did that one sorry oh you did that one
translate it real quick translate it real quick okay well that one was hard
yeah it um grapso man is may may have been written right okay keep going um what what is it just
identify it before you say it’s translated as it may have been or whatever just identify grapso man
it’s from grafo let’s see grafo grapso it’s definitely an aorist subjunctive right
an aorist subjunctive so is this one of those independent subjunctives maybe but look what
we’ve got that follows it we’ve got an aeon so we’ve got a conditional thing we’ve got a
conditional what kind of conditional do we have we have aeon plus i i thought um it was uh a so an
a on plus a uh a subjunctive yes and on plus a subjunctive good and then and remember remember
what we saw remember what we saw sorry i don’t mean to interrupt now i’m interrupting no no
remember what we saw with the conditionals that you can substitute an independent subjunctive
in the hypothesis here’s the process if right here’s our if clause so you can substitute just
a regular independent subjunctive and that’s what they’ve done grapso instead of getting a future
here that we would expect for a future more vivid for a does will do we’re going to get a does plus
an independent subjunctive so you fi make this thing work right with your if clause if you want
gonna start with your if clause and just translate that that’s good but it’s a it’s a does blank does
it’s supposed to be it does blank go ahead uh oh so it would be um it would be a deliberative
okay try that try that okay uh well i don’t know how to formulate it yeah it’s yeah start with the
conditional side of it if the politai if the politai do what if the politai
have sent money may have sent money it’s a future more vivid so it’s a sin it’s just a do
if the politai if the citizens send okay yeah that’s way easier if this if the citizens send
now do your independent
subjective liberate
I mean does
does the book
does
it’s a first person plural right
it’s a first person plural so it’s got to be
are we to do something
okay
are we to have written
no no no don’t
are we to write
are we to write
don’t try to put a tense on it
all you’re doing is all you’re doing is deliberating with it all you’re doing is saying
um are we to go to the store are we to do this right now are we to do we’re deliberating right
now so don’t try to push it the only reason it’s aorist is to express to you that this is a one-time
event are we to write think of that formula are we to do something are we to write a book
petty i go on a book about goats goats yeah about goats that’s what i had
good fantastic good okay now look at what we’ve look at what we’ve done put down the put down the
screen chewy okay so look away from the book we just did four or five sentences
each one of them stopping and taking apart the grammar what i want you to do
is i want you to consider i want you to take a break now for about 30 minutes it’s let’s see
it’s not um no hang on we’re we’re gonna be no i don’t want to push you too far out tonight
i need about 30 to 30 to 40 more minutes with you can i get that after a short break here
yeah yeah i’m free and so okay how much you want you want 10 15 minutes
let’s do it’s nine it’s 30 after now at quarter quarter two let’s come back and i don’t want you
to think about anything on this break i want you to clear your mind okay okay fantastic
fantastic are we there oh there we are fantastic now i want to do an exercise with you and i’m
going to be watching and trying to figure out where your progress is going so i’m going to
throw some regular greek at you i’m going to throw some regular greek at you this is menander
from page 160 and i want you to know that each of these individual sentences makes complete sense
on its own it makes complete sense on its own part of learning the art of translation
is finding the place that it clicks finding that particular place where all of a sudden the material
comes to sense that birth of that sense is what you are really trying to do as a philologist
you’re trying to find that sense perfect so i want you to struggle with this menander i want you to
just pick out one sentence and i want you to make sense of it using the lexicon that’s below
okay so your choice your choice any of those one-liners on page 160 you pick it
okay let’s see we’ll do 156 okay fantastic
take your time all right um
so
please note as you’re doing this that the first word erota in that sentence
is an accusative if you look at the form that you’re going to find it in the dictionary there
at the bottom you’re going to see it’s eros erotos so it’s one of those third declension
nouns and it’s accusative looks like erota so that’s an accusative sitting there it’s a new
form it’s one of the new third declension nouns i just want you to notice that you’re going to be
using those now yeah so then i see the relative pronoun so to so you’ll notice voices in your head
you’ll notice that madelaine is looking through the vocab list to learn these new words each of
these sentences is going to have new words right and you say wait a minute isn’t she just supposed
to have the vocabulary from the chapter ready at hand yes she is that’s what the contract gives
she’s supposed to have that vocabulary ready but she needs to be learning how to translate
without all the vocab with just a list that she has to use to look up it’s basically this is
lexical training these kind of sentences make sense of it and show me that you can use the
lexicon that’s essentially what’s going on okay sorry go ahead so love makes hunger stop which
lacks beauty okay i see you’re you’re there to a certain degree you said love is edota in the
nominative case you said love stops right we can’t say that because erota is the accusative there
something else there stops hunger stops good yeah hunger is the good did you hear that hunger is the
nominative right see what you’re doing see what you’re doing good hunger stops love right and
hunger or the spanish lack of beauty yeah right well no not beauty not beauty
oh yeah i like that though because you were looking at colos yeah yeah right right hunger
and the lack of the lack of bronze coin stops yeah is that true is that true now does if you
don’t have money yeah that stops it i think for some people yeah i think you’re definitely less
attractive without money as a as a guy who’s on the who’s on the poverty end of life i think
you’re definitely less likely to get the love if you got nothing but that’s just my i don’t know
i’m maybe i’m too negative like menander what do you think do you think he’s right
i i don’t think that’s what it’s about perhaps but for some people yeah yeah he also talks about
love and 140. i’ll do 140. eros carpon euseus fairy oh god look at the verb on the in fairy
that’s from ferro oiso and then con do they give you that yeah they give you pharaoh on the next
page right to bear or to carry and what is that little adverb doing right it just means right away
right immediately immediately so immediately something is carrying something else okay
let’s go back and see where if we got any nominatives yep eros is a nominative it
doesn’t look like it to us but it because we just started third declensions but it is
so just love because dikaios is its adjective right just love and brings right away brings
carbon fruit what is just love what is just love do you know what that is love justice perhaps
it’s not the love of justice it’s just love just love yeah okay it’s a greek concept that’s sitting
there that you and i are gonna have problems with because we don’t have just love in english
i’ve never heard that phrase in english i don’t know have you have you ever heard that phrase
in english no yeah it i’m pretty sure it doesn’t exist i’m pretty sure so now i’m confused because
just love produces fruit it makes me think that maybe there’s an unjust love and it doesn’t
produce fruit and that’s how you tell the difference between just and unjust loves by
it’s fruit yeah you will know them by their fruits is a line that jesus likes to use because it’s
good old-fashioned greek look at look at number 297 call on dick i get on the monthanen sofa
call on look is there an invisible verb to be in here maybe call honesty it’s good even for
a guarantee even for an old person mathane man thanning to learn sofa wise things it’s good
even for an old dude that’s what the kai guarantee is doing yeah right cologne has an invisible verb
to be with it this is actually a substantive here is it a substantive it’s a good thing oh god
what is going on look at number 40 uh 543 what does it mean when i say here is a hand
nip day means to wash nipto means to wash right you can almost hear the principal parts nipto
nipso adnipsa right oh god yeah this language is starting to make sense right here here nipte
hand here is a nominative hera is a an accusative so hand washes hand
the fingers wash the fingers what does it mean if i tell you if i if i walked up to you on the
subway or something and i was like hey lady hand washes hand and fingers wash fingers what are you
gonna think i’m talking about oh i have no idea
good i’m glad you don’t i’m glad you don’t just remember that hand washes hand and
Fingers wash fingers, okay?
Uh-huh.
Someday it will make sense.
Okay, look, I wanted you to see some real Greek
before we had to go back and clarify a couple of points.
You saw how the subjunctive is used independently.
You saw the three different ways.
You saw the hortatory, the deliberative.
Oh, what is that third?
Hortatory, deliberative, and what else?
prohibitive prohibitive right prohibitive right hortatory deliberative and prohibitive
so those are the three kind of independent subjunctives that we can have we’ve got the
kind that says let us let’s do something let’s go to the store we’ve got the kind that says don’t
go to the store and the kind that says um are we to go to the store so now you have a couple of
uses of the subjunctive you’re going to get a couple of independent optatives later but i want
you to realize this is just kind of isn’t this still just all about verbs aren’t we still just
learning everything there is to know about verbs yes yes and before you consider anything that that
we may have here i just want you to see this um here go to the pull up the textbook chewy
and go to the verbs in the end please go to the appendix and i want people to look at this yep
six i think it’s 670 or somewhere in that range boom okay so the appendix starts around
what’s that last page 588 so it starts around 590 in that range and i want you to go just for your
own morphology you said you were working on the morphology before so i want you to see it in the
chart now look at the we’ll do the nouns as well why not go to page as soon as i get the page
okay go to page actually go to the page that starts morphology it’s around 627 i’m there
okay 599 fantastic morphology um it’s gonna give you like a an encyclopedia’s view of things so
look yeah it’s got your accent stuff that’s fine we don’t need accents right now what we’re looking
for are the charts that have to do with the nouns right look at all this you want to memorize this
look at this here’s a summary of possibilities for accent on page 602 if you memorize all of this
you will never miss an accent again okay yeah that’s not that’s not true it’s for the book
you’ll you won’t miss any more accents in the book but as you read greek you’re going to find
exceptions to exceptions to exceptions so notice notice how it says on page 603 exceptions to
persistent accent you mean wait a minute you just taught me a whole bunch of rules that i’m supposed
to remember but now here are all the exceptions so these you’re not going to be able to figure
out these when you’re in the wild you’re just going to get them from experience right so don’t
don’t worry about that we’re looking at nouns i want you to see all the paradigms now that you’ve
got first second and you just started third declension oh my god look i’m already i’m on
page 613 and i still i’m still in the elision crisis oh god movable new can i please just have
a noun i just want the nouns when they start go ahead what page 622 622 it is
start on 622 at the top and look at the declension endings for the first declension
notice they’re they’re mostly feminine but there are some masculine ones off to the right you’re
gonna have to remember those right we had those look at the second declension not too many not
too many masculine feminine neuter right no problem but then third declension you’re going
to get this is the first type that you learned with an agenative in omicron sigma that’s the
first type we you learned right yeah now keep scrolling down until you get to first declension
nouns where it has a chart with techne techne you’re going to see these now everything written
out this is the kind of stuff that you peruse you don’t realize you don’t realize that madalena but
you are in you are imprinting this information on your brain the more you’re actually physically
looking at the greek the more you are remembering that material tech name tech nice just look at the
accents tech nay tech name look it doesn’t it stays there it’s persistent techni uh oh now
it’s going to get dragged forward tech known to the end of the word right tech nice technos
all you’re doing is you’re re-imprinting these declensions on your brain right that’s all you’re
doing scroll to the top of page 624 right poly taste there’s your citizen boy a taste there’s
your poet look at their genitives here take it oh do i need to take it out here sorry the stove is
going on what the hell oh god the whole ship is gonna go down just leave it in there leave
it in there sorry that you know how family is that’s dinner so um look at continue scrolling
down look at page again 624 look at the middle of the page they’re going to fill in the second
of clinching nouns for us logos logo logo so you just get a little extra practice with them no
problem they’re going to give us the third and you’re going to get all these weird third forms
right look at it look at on page 625 yeah look at the look at you haven’t had this yet look at the
form of the noun noose noose means mind it’s genitive it’s genitive is new it’s dative is
noi and it’s accusative is noon and you say well that dative still kind of looks like a dative
it’s got an iota subscript there right the accusative it looks still looks kind of accusative
because it’s got a new there right it’s noon instead of not on right but here’s the here’s
the thing why is it contracted because when they put the two omicrons together like that
oh oh they didn’t like it so they contracted it to ooh noon versus no on no on right isn’t that
nice you learn stuff like that that they’re doing that you don’t realize when you’re just memorizing
look to the right and look at the attic declension it’s going to be attic it’s going to be different
in the attic see how it’s net os yeah look at that instead of news net os instead of new net oh
instead of noi neoi right oh so okay if you look at what the attic if you look at what the attic
mouth is doing as opposed to the ionian or dorian right and you just think to yourself
noose versus net os look in the plural nominative plural noi as opposed to the attic
so for some reason the attic is really stressing the epsilon is there something musically in that
probably it’s probably a difference in you know the like the tone or something or the
yeah of the thing so okay that puts it now keep scrolling down to the third declension
nouns at the bottom of that page these are the ones you just learned they’re sitting there nice
for you to, you know, peruse and say, hey, I’m just going to repeat them.
Elpides, elpidos, elpidi, elpida.
Elpides, elpidon, elpisi, elpidas.
You start ingraining these patterns in your brain.
Look at mother on page 626.
Mater, matros.
Look, it’s got the omicron sigma as its genitive of the mother.
Mater is the mother does something.
Matros, of the mother.
may tree to the mother may terra i’m gonna feed the mother all right i’m gonna do something too
gorgeous now you know how to say mothers may terrace may terrace yeah good look at this weird
one genos this is almost near the middle of two of page 626 same page genos what is it genos
oh god it’s got that gen root in it that we get genesis from to make right to produce
right what is your genos um should we put genos up here nope i want to show her the word
this is serious greek uh the start or beginning or something okay let’s see the origin
could it be origin or beginning
could it be the production of something
offspring
can she get this
race, stock, kin
well that’s a big
swath of production there
right, all your
stock or your kin or your production
your offspring
can be your children too
right
collectively
your posterity
your offspring, whatever
generally though look at number three generally your race so it’s genos is really a type of
categorization it’s a way you categorize something it’s your it’s your group right
can even be like your age your age your generation that’s what’s very scientific yeah yes exactly
exactly right you see how the word is a lot of what you’re doing in learning greek is learning
how the mind that’s using greek is perceiving of these concepts and how that’s different because
look under number four it can also be your sex your gender so your kind or your race or your clan
is a group it’s like a group that you belong to and it doesn’t have to be a particular group it
can be like an ethnicity or it can be a gender that’s the class that you are of that’s your kind
that’s your kind look at in number two this will blow your mind number two under roman numeral
number five right so in logic as a class it is the opposite of ados which they’re telling us is
species if you click on ados so what we’re getting is genus out of this word if you look up ados
you’re going to find that the ados is the shape of something the figure sometimes they talk about
statues as having that form or figure right yeah beauty look at number two especially or b
especially of beauty of person look at how weird these terms are that they’re very very specific
right it’s your form or your shape particularly your physical beauty now in medicine that works
out to be your physique or your constitution interesting do you get that it’s all completely
it’s all completely logical right down number three on that a dos is your it then becomes
your kind your class your kind what are we looking at we’re looking at genus and species
all right genos chi a dos or genus and species
okay can you now what other language does this what other language you tell me something
you’re going to search high and low to find another language that with just the basic
roots can pick things out of air like that well let’s let’s apply it to logic what does this word
mean in logic what does it mean in music now you watch in music it’ll have a totally complete it’ll
have a different a new meaning unique meaning but it’ll be the same physics that this word is based
on so it’s almost like they’re they’re saying okay you can take concepts and pull them out of the air
and then you can analyze the concepts and determine what their kind is all right so it’s a
very logical kind of you know their linguistic approach mother greece linguistic approach is
logical to uh you know to a t okay it’s 10 14 i’ve taken you beyond the time yes
genos is how we get genocide oh god oh god are you killing your own kind
right oh genocide terrible comment as a comment okay so what do i need you to do now for tomorrow’s
assignment please read the next unit and i know you say wait a minute there’s a couple of things
in class there’s going to be things that i’m not going to be able to concentrate i’m not going to
be able to bring to you we lost you we lost you for like 15 seconds we lost you for like 10 seconds
oh did you okay thanks thanks for letting me know that’s cruz hey cruz um this is what i want you
to do you are learning now one unit every day there’s so much there is so much information in
the unit, we are not going to be able to cover everything. For example, today we talked about
relative clauses, but we didn’t see many relative clauses. Don’t worry. As long as you are
memorizing the morphology and understanding the grammar, we will reinforce all of the many,
many different things that you’re learning, the little tiny details. We will reinforce all of
that in the reading what you need to be feeling now is that you are now able to run up against
that greek you’re able to look at a sentence that you haven’t seen before and you’re able to work
with it to break it down and to translate it that is the concentration of the intense course
that you’re in there to be translating and practicing your translation okay i’m sorry
i’ll stop with that do you have any questions for me uh no no i’m uh i’m just hard at work
okay put everything down that you’ve been doing and i want you tomorrow to read unit seven
this time i do not want you to do exercises i just want you to read unit seven and then go to page
boop at the end of the chapter go to page uh 188 and there are three sentences of menander
so it’s nothing that you should be worried about i want you to translate those sentences
and i don’t want you to stop until they all make perfect friggin sense okay you’re gonna make
perfect translations you’re going to bring them tomorrow and at the beginning of our session
i’m just going to say okay give me your perfect translations of menander okay all right okay
this is what we’re doing gorgeous oh god all right all right let’s uh i’ll let you go it’s
getting late and thank you for a full night is you really did a lot of work okay thank you
good workout good workout yeah it was good okay we’ll see you tomorrow
Source: Lady Babylon