Descriptions:
Video Description
The sixth lesson begins with real Greek, short quotations from Menander that use the same patterns as the exercises. Ammon Hillman has the student translate lines such as bad friends bear bad fruit and then shifts back to conditional sentences, where the two halves of an if-then sentence are named the protasis and apodosis. The work is to identify the type of conditional first and then plug in the formula, with examples moved so the then-clause sometimes comes before the if-clause.
The main new material is the passive voice. The lesson lays out the present passive paideuomai (παιδεύομαι), I am being taught, and builds through the imperfect, the aorist passive, and the future passive, each formed from the sixth principal part. The agent doing the action is expressed with hypo (ὑπό) and the genitive, as in the speech was written by Homer, or with a bare dative after a perfect. The teacher keeps the chart of passive endings as the reference the student must return to.
The close covers two grammar moves and ends on Sophocles. The articular infinitive tags an article onto the infinitive so that to graphein (τὸ γράφειν) can mean writing and sit in any case, and a lone adjective with an article can stand as a noun, the good meaning the good man. For the ending, the student translates fragments of Sophocles, including even the things of the gods die, but the gods do not, and the lesson stresses that classical Greek is read by pausing to analyze structure before the words become fluent.
Full Video Transcript
Madalena, how are you doing? Well, thanks. Doing well. Fantastic. How’s your weekend been? Did you get some? Did you get some vocabulary work done?
I got a little done. Yeah.
Good. Fantastic. Now, I’ve been looking over what we need to do and what we need to cover. And by the way, I hope the kids are healthy.
Yeah.
yeah i remember how that was seems like they’re sick all the time doesn’t it yeah yeah one one
gets one gets sick the other gets sick yeah and then you get sick right eventually yeah
no i remember the days of tonsillitis and oh what were some of the yeah anyway strep strep throat
people used to get strep throat all the time anywho how about we go to page 109 and wake
ourselves up i was looking at what we have to do okay to keep up our schedule yeah and we need to
for today we need to be able to do some exercises here in the first section we’ll do some exercises
together from unit four just to see what the conditions look like then we’ll go over completely
um unit five okay unit five and i hope to be through the discussion of unit five today
so that you can start on some exercises and next time tomorrow when we meet you we can go over some
exercises from unit five yeah we’ll slowly catch up and we’re only like a half a chapter behind at
this point okay to make it but right okay yeah let’s do some actual greek on page 109 just go
to 109 all right and i want you to look at these uh menander fragments right these are just little
quotes attributed to menander right oh god well just look at that first one 293 go ahead and read
that and um it gives you all the vocabulary you need underneath that so feel free to use that um
and you do one and i’ll do one so you do the first one i’ll do the next one okay
perfect well said well read out i like that go okay sorry sorry i won’t interrupt again
well that vocabulary in this is nice look at that look at that first verb that you’ve got there fair
we see right that’s the only one don’t don’t mistake it there’s no other but look at its
entry down at the bottom that’s one of the most common verbs and looks look what happens to its
forms it goes from pharaoh to oiso that they don’t you don’t look anything like each other do they
i mean there’s yeah and then in the heiress they don’t even look like either of those forms in the
heiress right and then right and then yeah so they’re they’re weird and you usually don’t see
them and you usually don’t see pharaoh in anything but it’s uh present and sometimes it’s heiress
form but mostly it’s present form but anyway um cool sorry i i won’t interrupt now go ahead and
try to translate that sentence look at you know just peruse it think it out and then i’m gonna
do one okay um uh to bear uh bad fruit is to um um what does what does hoy mean is a bad friend
that’s your but that’s your definite that’s your definite article remember oh yeah definite article
go up and put the definite articles up there chewy it’s back in chapter one okay after one put those
up there we need to see those yeah she needs to see those okay sorry go ahead keep going so yeah
yeah hoy is the definite article kakoi filoi there’s you there those are your subjects right
yeah um oh uh bad bad friends produce um bad fruit okay look look did you see how it clicked in yes
right yeah like oh god it finally makes sense right and yeah they’re working with it and you
had to figure out what went with what exactly yeah three three oh three i’ll do that one okay
oh isn’t that nice so look we look we’ve got the same set up there it’s basically the same
construction everything’s in the same place but this time it’s hoy simno instead of hoy kakoi
so if you look down at simnos which is a nice word means august majestic or honorable yeah
can i like holy too i use holy for this every once in a while those ways that are honorable
those tropoi those are kind of your habits right what do they give you yeah they give manner
character your way right things that you do yeah those holy ways those good ways man they produce
good fruit yes so you can see same construction yeah okay everything hinging on that verb and
this is real greek now these are not your sentences right it’s real greek look at number
316 see that anthro poisee anthro poisee look at the note they put at the bottom they say that
equals anthropois so it it looks like a goofy form um and it is but it’s just equivalent to the
dative yeah so there’s lupi there notice that’s the nominative plural right from yeah do they
have lupe here yep they’ve got lupe those pains right lupi pains right birth illness for mortals
right how is that exactly does pain make you sick that’s what it’s saying right what do you think
about that that’s interesting one um yeah mental pain too not just right yeah have you been having
some mental pain lately not too bad no say i can take it i can take it i know okay i just wanted
you to see some real greek and to see how um much more sensical it is than our exercises
but having said that now i want you to turn back i want you to turn back to page 107 okay and i
want you to look at that first sentence and this is what i want to do i just want to do four or
five or six conditionals here okay um just so we can know exactly how to do it and i’m gonna do
the first one and this is how i want you to this is how i want you to do the second one so okay
I’ll read it first.
.
Okay. Nice.
I give myself good points for that.
Where is the if clause?
We’re going to have an if clause and a then clause.
The if clause, the prognosis is the on.
That’s what we start with, the eon.
There’s our if.
And when we jump to our verb in that sentence, in that first part of the sentence, the main
clause, it’s the if clause.
What’s the didaxosin?
That looks like it’s subjunctive.
So I’m going to say this is an eon plus a subjunctive.
And then I’m going to say, where’s the verb in the second half, right?
They’re really not main clause and subordinate.
That’s not, I shouldn’t be using that.
Graps, this is the apodosis.
grapsey the hypothesis right just as a protestant hypothesis if and then grapsey what is the grapsey
doing it’s a future from grafo so this is an aeon plus a subjunctive followed by a future
which one of those do you think this would be probably a future more vivid right yeah right
and how on the aeon and subjunctive and then so if does then we’ll do yeah does will do so i’m
going to translate that thing okay does will do so here let me get my book back up here
oh my god okay so if the muses teach the good poet well he will write a good book about
about the Thucyon, the sacrifices in Aguray, in the marketplace, okay? Does, will, do. If the
muses teach, that’s a does, then he will do something. It’s does, will, do. It’s the only
way we know. Okay, number two is a most, it’s not a conditional, but it’s a most excellent
men and death construction i want you to do this one and i want you to realize that the
verb is invisible when you don’t see a verb it’s invisible okay so it’s got to be a verb to be
go ahead okay
yeah take a couple minutes there okay
um okay um so it’s on one hand um the soldier the soldier’s battle is bad and then on the other
victory is good i don’t know okay on the other hand no stop right there you did very well you
did very well on listen to your um to the deck clause on the other hand victory is good that
is perfect on the one hand something is something and that i want you to notice that stratiotis
there that is in the dative plural okay for the soldiers hey maje hey maje do you remember what
maje is uh battle right battle good for soldiers battle is kake okay yeah bad yeah good yeah but
okay victory is good on the one hand yeah okay i get it that makes very sense like yeah it does
that look at all the getting all the wires to cross is so hard no no no yeah and it’s a matter
of playing with it in order to make it fit that slot right you hit the deck laws perfectly but
you should notice that the hey mache that’s the subject for the first one it’s in the
nominative case so it’s got to be the subject good good good good good let’s do oh oh philae
oh god okay look at this next one let’s do three together kind of half and half
um i i’m gonna get the protestors for you i see an a i see an a then we get horon method
none of that is verb anthropon oh there we go okay this looks like an a plus an imperfect
a plus imperfect and what is the hypothesis that’s your that’s you’re doing um so
um and if you and if you want to keep one finger on page 97 so you can flip back quickly
and see the chart at the bottom that here put just put that up should we leave that up yeah
boom right so i said a plus imperfect yeah a plus imperfect um so it would be
i would be looking for an imperfect indicative plus the on right wait is that is that what
you’ve got look there on page yeah well i see the on there you go where’s your imperfect verb
you do have it so is it a luon yeah good and yeah good so what which which conditional did
we pick there a plus an imperfect imperfect plus on which one is that that’s one of those
that’s present contrafactual present contrafactual and what is the translation
formula for the present counterfactual oh it’s uh if you’re doing if you were doing something
then you would do something right good good so let’s translate this if you were guarding
okay the field okay
with the just men if you were doing that what the Nea Nei the young people would if you were doing
that they would what release yeah release and break maybe they would break the Airene what was
that it ain’t oh god i don’t remember there any i remember the piece yeah i mean yeah and it’s got
an oak before it so see that oak there they would not break the piece yeah who would these these use
the use from the island apparently yeah apparently this island has a bunch of
hoodlums on or something you know what i mean okay so the big picture there is it’s a present
contrafactual if there were there would right or if they would they would they were they would
etc etc good how about number seven jump down to number seven really quick let’s just let’s
identify it um i’m gonna think about it for a minute you think about it too okay and when you
come up with it let me know okay which one did i say yeah that’s what i thought yeah notice what
you’re doing too madeline if you’re looking at a sentence and you’re trying to break it down
yeah you’re trying to analyze it you’re not jumping in saying oh let me translate right no
that’s not how this is done all right yeah tell me what kind of what do you think
um i’m not sure yet okay the protesis is a plus epim sauce epim sauce and and that’s uh that’s
heiress right good good so it could well yeah so then it would be past contrafactual then
okay what’s the hypothesis let’s make sure the philosophy uh-huh no no not the philosophy
because look notice that that’s in a host notice that’s in a host clause so that is a true
subordinate clause that is okay that is attached to this conditional but but i’ve missed uh it
talks on it there you go so i was like what that that’s um oh um that’s aris indicative uh good
so we’ve got a plus arist eris plus on right it’s got an honor you’re right that was a
a song past contrafactual what’s the translation formula for that one um it’s uh had had done would
have done so um yeah if uh if if someone had then they would right yeah at pimp sauce if you had
sent if you had sent okay good the soldiers into the battle soon hoplois with weapons apparently
this dumbass sent soldiers out without weapons right if you had sent those stratiotas those
soldiers ace ten magen into the battle soon whole place with weapons it talks someone we would have
yeah and this verb is really means to station or to put so we’re we would have stationed the young
men in the agora in the marketplace yeah in the marketplace sorry in order hoss hoss yeah yeah
well in in order that they fool la toyan which kind of is that a subjunctive or a
optative full autoin um it’s uh um optative good because it’s got that oi love that present
optative right in order that what they might they might guard the house good houses this plural
houses yeah houses nice nice you see how it’s clicking in it’s just slowly yeah
okay fantastic um number nine is a little tiny shrimpy little guy but i want you to see
just structurally it is an if then it is a conditional because it’s got an on in it right
yeah but they they’ve reversed the pro the if and the then clauses they just put the then
second uh first excuse me yeah so what is that verb it’s thuo is that what tense is that um
uh that’s a present a present good and the protesis is an aeon plus a pimpsace
so that’s an aeon plus a subjunctive right yeah good so we have an aeon plus subjunctive
followed by a present which one is that on plus subjunctive followed by a present
oh that’s a present general present general translated as do do yeah does does yeah does
does yeah right so if on because in english we’re going to start with the if clause
right so if you translate this i don’t care if you if you you know bring the second half of the
sentence and put it in front of the first in your translation i don’t care yeah so how would we
translate and on agathon zoyan what is an agathon zoyan that’s a uh that’s a good life that’s
sending how about animal let’s say animal oh yeah animal no that’s okay that’s okay it’s from the
word for life right it’s from the yeah so pimp says on pimp says if you do what if you pimpo
if you may uh or if you may send or just if you do right it’s a does does so it’s a does does
do do so if you send good the good animal yeah then you’ll have a no not will why are you putting
will oh if you send the good animal i what
sacrifice i was just yeah if you okay then i guess then you sacrifice um the the good um to the
to the god there you go to the god the the heart the good god to the no to the hot goddess
hot goddess okay right right if you wanted to be the good god you can say that but realize in
english that beauty is good in greek yeah right we we don’t do ugly things we do what’s beautiful so
the goddess is beautiful aeon if you sinned a good animal i sacrifice to a good goddess
right nice okay so see how it’s just if you do this then i do this it’s the it’s just a does
does right yeah i wanted to hit you with i think that’s i think you got all of them here um here
here number 12 i’m not gonna say it i’m not gonna say a goddamn thing just okay
yep i’m not gonna say anything go ahead okay um oh okay so sorry i’m uh no no no no i’m telling
chewie to hang on i’m trying to let you concentrate i’m not saying anything you’re
gonna translate this thing perfectly okay right okay go ahead take your time um sorry it’s just
simple stuff that’s tripping me up um it’s do you have all the vocab yeah
just trying to kind of think in my brain with the genitive right
of uh this threat to you 30 or two is and isn’t it like um but i that’s why i’m all
all messed up because i can’t think how do we translate that genitive what’s that little word
in english we put on front of the word when it’s in the genitive case of of always try of with
every genitive you get from now on try of okay i’ll write that down um of so battles the fate of
a soldier excellent okay you did that perfectly i didn’t say a damn thing you got it all right
right and it makes sense doesn’t that feel good yeah yeah it does okay all right um congratulations
you did conditional sentence practices about 15 minutes earlier than you need to so i want you to
take a 10 minute break uh no let’s take a 15 minute break okay well okay here’s what we’re
gonna do we’re gonna start unit five and it has a shit ton of stuff oh yeah the passive i’ll give
yes yes did you read it already i i was reading it yeah i got to like i got to the consonant stems
okay let’s just take a 10 let’s take a 10 minute break um because that’s a lot of translation that
you’ve been doing cool your brain off go do something else and then we’ll come back and
we’ll start working through unit five okay all right here we go fantastic did you get a break
i did excellent because this is a lot to swallow in this chapter oh my god right
yeah okay let’s just take a bird’s eye view of it before we jump in on page 111 you’ve got the
passive voice and they introduce you the passive voice present on the next page they give you the
imperfect on the next page they give you the present subjunctive passive okay fine then they
give us the optative present optative passive on 114 115 we get the present infinitive passive
to be something right to be educated great oh then we get the aorist indicative passive
right we find out that we find out that the aorist is based on the sixth principle part
the aorist passive is based on the sixth principle part so now we know why we have the funny theta
there and the ain ending right okay then we got aorist well i’m sorry go ahead oh i was just
agreeing aorist subjunctive passive aorist optative passive then we go to page 118
future indicative passive oh god a future passive they’re even going to teach us that
and and that’s not a common verb form right we very rarely get um i will be something
right um okay anywho there it is but you know we’re going to use it every once in a while so
we’re going to learn it uh perfect passive perfect passive i have been something on page 119 120
blue perfect passive it’s all the passive forms and they give you those little endings main
soto methus the unto oh god i’m gonna have to memorize those right then we have consonant
stems fantastic here’s what i want to do go to page 125 and they then they get into a little
bit of you know grammar and syntax that we can understand some what is the substantive we’ll
look at what a substantive is how what do you do with the article you can just use the definite
an article is a substantive that’s nice we get an articular infinitive and that’s it the articular
infinitive is little i think it’s easy to understand but it’s used a lot and it becomes
confusing when people see it they’re like how is that exactly so i do want to take a look at those
with you so that’s the bird’s eye view everything passive everything passive we’ll jump into it but
before i do i want to do the vocab that’s particular to this unit okay and i just want
you to go to page 129 and i want to look at a few of these i want to look at a few of these i want
to do some verbs that second word down arjo i’m going to do that one arjo actually you do it what
am i doing you do it
oh
good good
unfortunately that’s that one’s hard to pronounce and it’s what like one of the
most common verbs right yeah so they tell you it means to rule or command for now um yeah for now
that’s okay yeah rule command um blopto underneath it try blopto it’s a little easier i think
yeah good so it can have an heiress passive that is two different forms right
there’s Gaia or gay as Earth um a didaskalos is a teacher doxa is really Glory a person’s glory
thanatos is death the adjective now death is a noun right that’s why it’s got its definite
article there there’s an adjective underneath it a thanatos and that is a two termination
adjective that means it’s masculine and feminine are both a thanatos right but it’s going to look
masculine it’s going to it’s going to look masculine but it’s going to have it’s going to
be both masculine and feminine and then athanaton is the neuter there yeah um
the holy the sacred here on is a shrine hikanos is you know is it enough right sufficient they
give you sufficient or capable right is that man capable hikanosanthropos
right yeah yeah is he capable is he sufficient good hipos i could have said is the horse
sufficient but you know hipos hipos that’s a nice word horse right indonos danger lethal stone
right stone we’ve got macros long and micros short pedion is an open field now you say this verb
and this verb is so so common um they should have a really good note i think they’ve got a
really good note on this one bum bum bum where’s the yeah there it is page 131 they tell you in
the middle there madelena it says the root of patho peso episa pepeka pepe smaya pace thing
persuade its root is path path path path path the final theta of the root disappears in the future
the aorist and the perfect active in the perfect passive in the aorist passive it has been replaced
by a sigma huh okay um jump down like kaleo patho can also be followed by an object infinitive
that is you can patho somebody to do something right you can persuade you can persuade
and somebody to do something this verb is ultimately where we get pissed this
which is our word for faith so for you who are yeah that’s right because what
is it what is it when you are persuaded of something you have faith in it you’re
looking at it from its original approach right I want you to remember this verb
is to persuade okay yeah fantastic patho fantastic okay and i think there was one more is there one
yeah there’s go to prato on page 129 prato the verb to do now because this is athenian we’re
saying prato but if we were not if we’re thessalians we say praso yeah right so okay
Okay, praxo, epraxa, pepraja, or pepraga, right?
Pebragmai and epraxen.
We’ll look at the transitive and intransitive in a second.
Okay.
And I think, yeah, that’s all.
Okay, all right, let’s get down to it.
Do you understand what a passive is?
Yes.
So conceptually, you have no problem with English.
I kick the ball is active, right?
Yeah.
The ball is kicked, right?
That’s passive.
when the subject is having the action act upon itself you’ve got the passive okay so i want to
look at some morphology here very simply on page 111 the present passive right so they they use
um paidewo right so paidewo is it means i educate but if you add the ending instead of the omega if
add the ending oh my you and you get paidewo my you get i am being taught i’m being taught yeah
yeah i do my good oh my a atai omitha s the on type memorize that that’s why it’s
they should have a box around that but yeah oh my a atai omitha s the on time and notice on the
second person singular your a can be an ada iota or an epsilon iota yeah right so were those just
being pronounced the same way were those just being pronounced is that why you know they both
have an iota on them right and people say well don’t people say well don’t pronounce the iota
subscript when it’s a subscript because sometimes it’s written out as an epsilon iota
and you do pronounce that vowel it’s a so yeah yeah yeah yeah exactly so oh my a a tie omith
s the on tie does your presence okay keep going down or keep i’m scrolling down go to the next
page page 112 i’m sorry and look at the imperfect indicative passive look at the imperfects look at
those endings. I can say those in my sleep, right? Imperfect indicative passive. You remember what
the imperfect indicative active were? Those were the on, es, e, omen, ete, on, right? Now you’ve
learned the passive, the omen, u, eto, omethe, este, onto. God, which are what? Those are just
the endings main, so, tall. You know what happens? They take that main ending and they say add an
omicron to indicate the imperfect. Okay, fine. Look at number two. That’s an, I told you it’s
so, right? Main, so, tall. Look, they drop the sigma and the vowel length changed to, ew, fine,
good for you. Etto, that’s the tall with an epsilon. They want the epsilon. So you have to
memorize those. And how do you translate it? On the next page, 113. I was being educated.
Now, if you translate that, I was educated, I’m not going to say that’s wrong, right? Okay, fine.
You were being educated. This year, it was being educated, right? Imperfectly.
okay and then we’re gonna get oh god here are the subjunctives just look at the subjunctives
on the bottom of the page 113 okay 113 morph because we’re doing morphology now
once again the subjunctives all use those long vowels oh my a a tie oh may the ace the on tie
and the only look it’s still the my site time methus the untie endings of the passive right
it’s still the same thing my side time Memphis the untie they’re just messing with the vowels
they’re tuning with the vowels oh god yeah yeah okay let me stop for a minute and say
how are you doing on morphology I’m throwing a lot at you what do you think I think it’s awesome
I think I’m following along yeah I know you’re following cognitively but it’s a lot of things
to memorize right right so um let me know if you’re getting overwhelmed and whatnot um because
there’s cheats like look at this present optative passive on page 114 yeah right look at you’ve got
you’ve got the optative markers see the pattern yeah yeah yeah okay is it coming alive are you
you’re just saturated enough that you’re getting it yeah yeah and do you recognize that the method
for example the first person plural oi method notice that the method is a lot like men
in the first person plural otherwise and the active so there’s certain things that you’re
going to notice that oyster the looks like a second person plural right it looks like a second
person plural fantastic fan main so tall mathis the unto it’s the same goddamn and so if you
remember that one in set of endings that are at the beginning of this unit the main so tall
yeah mathis the unto i think they put a i think it’s at the end oh it’s i think it’s um i don’t
No, they should make a box.
I’ll make my own box.
They should, wherever that thing is.
Let me see real quick.
It’s on page…
Oh, did we miss it?
Where was the main sota?
Oh, well.
Let’s keep pressing forward.
Look at the present infinitive passive on page 115.
What do you do?
You add esthi to the present stem ending.
So paidewo, knock off the O of that first principle part, and add estai.
And you get paidewestai, which means to be taught, right?
I know it looks stupid that they say to be being educated, but what does that mean?
Okay, then below that is the aorist indicative passive.
Now, how do we use the aorist indicative passive?
somebody did somebody had something done to them right so let’s see the endings here they give us
on page 116 ain’t ace a amen a to a son what can you say about the aorist passive endings
just memorize them they at least they all have adas yeah right it’s easy yeah okay okay look at
the meaning though how to translate epideuthane i was educated not i was being educated but i was
educated so it is a one-time shot here that we’re taking right he or she it was educated good
right taught right i was instructed or whatever good good then we get the aorist passive
right aorist subjunctive passive oh a surprise surprise it looks just like everything else
omen a to o say and you say well wait a minute if it’s got the same subjunctive endings o ace a
omen a to o c this is page 117 i’m sorry yeah yeah okay yeah um it has it there those endings
but look look at the base pi delth by delth yeah right that’s from the six principal part
the stem yeah yeah right exactly it’s from the sixth principle part so you should be able to do
it easily right you should be able to tell that that is an aorist passive just because you know
those principal parts right right aorist optative we’ll do some principal part fun too aorist
optative passive then how do we get that passive for the optative in the aorist tense a and look
that we’re going to be using epsilon iota right plus an ada following it in an alternative ending
look the plurals the plurals you can have that extended a amen a eta and a a son you can you
can retain that ada and just add the epsilon iota to it or you can drop the ada together and it’s
just aiming a to a and oh god you know what you do on these you just say screw this it’s uh it’s
optative i know it’s optative because it’s got that yoda yeah yeah right remember oi and i are
those present and aorist optatives right well yeah the passives are the same way they’re going
to be using those yodas for the for the optatives good so that would be like that would sound like
um um like i voted me i might have been right yeah right right right exactly might may might
could would all of those can be used by the optative there’s an optative called the optative
the potential optative and in that type of optative it’s a you know i could do this you
know they also translate that one as might or may both which is weird it’s like okay i thought i
understood that there’s a difference here with the subjective no but in english that’s what you
got to use ah heiress go go to the next page look at the heiress infinitive passive we get the
passive for the aorist the sixth principle part so ani you just add it to pi delth and you get
pi delth ani again it’s to be educated yeah all right that’s it that’s it so okay um look at the
that’s actually a good note at the bottom of page 118 um that’s kind of the middle half where it
says like all other infinitives the aorist infinitive passive shows aspects only just you
know it doesn’t help to take it doesn’t hurt to take a look at this look at present infinitive
passive to be educated and they have the little parentheses habitually like it’s an ongoing
process right you can you can express it that way whereas the aorist is just going to express it to
be educated. And then they have a parentheses once and for all. It makes sense. But then they
yell at you in capital letters with the observation in an infinitive, the syllable preceding the
ending, nigh, is always accented. Why have they always been so goddamn nonchalant about the
accents up until this point? Now all of a sudden, oh God, it’s so important. I don’t know. It
doesn’t i don’t know why this deserved like its own special observation that’s nice um you know
good information but you’re memorizing so much from this chapter who cares right good and finally
the future indicative passive how do we do a future notice they tell us the future indicative
passive is formed on a stem different from that of the future indicative active so it’s not going
to be the second principal part in this respect it is similar to the aorist indicative passive
which is also formed on a stem different from that of the aorist indicative active
to form their their their toying with us their you know what i mean they’re playing fast and loose
get to the point people to form the future indicative passive to the unaugmented aorist
passive so you’re taking that sixth principle part taking off its augment and then take off
its ending and add eta sigma to form the future passive wait a minute i’m gonna i’m gonna add
eta sigma and what am i gonna do okay i’m gonna take the eris passive i’m gonna take i’m gonna
take off its augment i’m gonna add eta sigma to its stem and then add an ending one of these new
endings to form the past, the future passive. I will be something. And when you look at how
that’s done, if you go to page 119, look at the, they use Pai Deo. So the sixth principle part of
Pai Deo, Pai Deo Thane, right? So I take the ain, I take the ain off because that’s the ending.
That’s the aorist passive ending. I take the epsilon augment off and I’m left with Pai Deo.
to pi del i add good health to pi del i add an eta sigma and then an ending and i get pi del
face oh my i will be educated i will be it’s a future passive future passive i will be and you
won’t trip over it because you’ll see it’s made of this oh i can’t outline here it it’s made of
this unique you know six principal part plus an a to sigma yeah anytime you see the face
you’re gonna know oh god it’s not it not everything oh my god yeah yeah how do you pronounce that
they will be taught they will be educated okay that’s a future passive future passive
God and then we’re gonna get oh it just never ends here stop right there we’re gonna stop at
perfect passive we’ll come back we’ll come back for the perfect passive i want to go and just do
a couple couple of gram grammatical stuff one page 127 page 127 couple of grammatical constructions
we’ve got the first is the articular infinitive or the first i’m going to cover is the articular
infinitive because that’s the really important one they’re going to start doing this in these
units now madelaine and where they they’re going to start giving you less morphology
and they’re going to give you more grammar they only gave you a tiny bit of grammar in
this chapter because you have a giant chunk of morphology to memorize start memorizing right
so what is the articular infinitive it’s a ver is they tell you right at the beginning
the infinitive is a verbal noun, right? Yes. Like other verb forms, the infinitive has tense
and voice. Like the noun, the infinitive can appear in various cases, which indicate its
function in the sentence. Okay, let’s give us some examples, right? When used with the verb
kelewo, command, the infinitive is an object infinitive, right? Look at their example. We
order the brother to send gifts to send as your infinitive there it’s an ob it’s an object
infinitive it’s acting as the object of kaleo it’s the thing kaleo is acting on right yeah good
in this example they tell us in that paragraph the person commanded ton adelfon is in the
accusative case and is a direct object of kaleo woman right so that’s who’s being ordered the
brother, right? The infinitive pimpsi is also a direct object of keleomen and can be considered
to stand in the accusative case. But infinitives are indeclinable verbal nouns, so that context,
not case endings, shows the relation of this infinitive to the rest of the sentence.
attic greek developed a way of employing the infinitive more freely in various cases by
having it accompanied by a neuter singular form of the definite article so all this is saying
to indicate the infinitives case all this is saying is the infinitives are inflexible in a
certain way they can’t show you case so so the attic greek said hey why don’t we just tag an
an article onto that infinitive and that’s how we can tell the case of the infinitive
so yeah it’s a peculiar development of attic greek right the ionians are not going to be into this
right it’s just gonna the dorians right the dorians i don’t know if they’ve if the ionian
has any articular infinitive but um i’m trying to think through my hippocrates remember back how much
he was using it or not using it but i can’t attic greek also developed a way of employing
the infinitive right you have to understand it’s attic okay good so let’s see some examples
um let me tell you though the infinitives it’s best translated by the english gerund
writing rather than by the english infinitive to write so okay let’s um
yeah okay they tell us don’t confuse stuff just let’s look at examples people on page 128
just look at the example of where they give you it’s in the nominative case because it’s
articles tall is nominative so tall graphane to write to write or look at the end of it writing
if you want to say writing you when we start translating you’ll see why that makes it easier
to graphene of writing right toy graphene by writing right see the infinitive graphene just
means to write but now you’re trying to put it into a situation where it can be
where writing can be the subject or the object or the indirect object right
right so that’s what is going on here okay yeah yeah let’s look at the um examples in
greek and english that they’ve got about halfway down the page okay where they tell you an
articular infinitive is used like any other noun let’s well let’s just see what the hell they’re
talking about kalon to graphane so there’s your articular infinitive in bold to graphane to write
or writing right and there’s an invisible verb to be there so to write is kalon is good
yeah right that’s great look you can put it in a prepositional phrase
look we’re going to use an aorist infinitive there right
before writing before writing so you’re gonna have to be flexible with this
articular infinitive you can translate it as to write or writing watch what happens in the date
of toy graphing two four or with writing right by means of writing what you do it with i did it with
a screwdriver right yeah that width that that width is a um instrument it’s showing you the
instrument that i’m using is the screwdriver the writing here is in the infinitive is doing the
same thing in the dative by means of writing the the tool is the writing yeah yes so it’s
that’s how they look at the negative at the bottom kakon tomegrafen right tomegrafen
yeah yeah yeah to not write yeah good good not writing is bad or to not write is cock on right
so okay how do you feel about the articulate infinitive you feel pretty good yeah yeah okay
the the other the other point i want to teach and i’m going to give you another break
and then we’re going to come back to sentences um is the substantive on page 126 what is a
substantive right they tell you since the definite article has gender number in case
it can accompanied by an adverb prepositional phrase or other modifier which you don’t need
to know it can be used as a substantive right it’s gender and number indicate the person thing
blah blah blah go to i forgot to show you this go to page 125 look at the bottom where it says
substantive use of the adjective oh shit they got us the genitive of personal agent no we got to go
back to this as well okay um we’re going to come to page 125 and continue take uh take a um 20
minute break you know let’s come back uh at eight at 30 after at half after you know half past and
and get back on it it’s it’s so much information i feel so bad for you receiving all of this
information but we’re going to jump into some sentences so that you can kind of exercise it
maybe make it stick okay cool okay yes and we’ll do that on the passive by the way she said hey
don’t skip that passive right i know who’s teaching this right okay yeah all right sounds
okay i’ll see you in 20. all right let’s get back up on that horse all righty we’ve got
one little section to cover yeah this is page 125. at the top of 125 because they’ve introduced you
to the passives they’re going to have to give you personal agents right personal they’re they’re
going to start by using the genitive case so if you ever want to say something is done by someone
you can use a genitive case or in certain circumstances like when you have a perfect
you can use a dative you can use a dative so the most of the time you’re going to be
seeing this is hupo with the genitive let me just look at some examples look on page 125
at the first greek example they give you hologos hoopo to homeru graphitai so
hologos is your subject graphitai is your verb so the writing whatever it is graphitai is written
okay this the address is written by homer hoopo to homeru that hoopo is your agent it’s
the one doing the ver right the one who’s actually doing the action the speech there is the subject
but it is being acted upon by homer right so the speech is written by homer nice nice nice now
underneath that they give us another hoopoe clause right so another we can got another agent here
Here, hopolemos, the war, jump to the end with the verb, epalthe, was stopped.
The war was stopped.
Good.
That’s an aorist passive.
So you can stop something actively or you can be stopped.
Here it’s the war was stopped.
And then we have, well, who’s doing the actual verb?
Who’s doing the actual stopping?
Well, it’s the soldiers.
by the soldiers okay yeah okay so that’s not too hard to you know too hard to get but there’s
another way to do this genitive i mean this agent that’s when you have a perfect or a blue perfect
and you’ve got a personal agent expressed by the dative so just look at the examples
the speech has been written you hear how that’s a perfect passive yeah yeah the perfect passive
something has been something right perfect and passive which has been written whole made away
so your agent there when you have done something in the perfect which the blue perfect is just a
part of the perfect when you have done something perfectly or blue perfectly the agent can be
expressed with the date of case by itself just standing alone look how it’s no preposition
you don’t need a hoopoe you don’t need anything like that yeah it’s just the date of by itself
this speech has been written homemade by homer nice okay okay and then underneath that the war
has been stopped
by the soldiers.
The war has been stopped by the soldiers.
Good. Okay.
And that’s, yeah.
That’s it. I also
wanted you to see the substantive on the bottom
of that. Oh, yeah. What is the substantive?
Just go to the top of page 126.
Okay.
Look at the example.
Agathos, the good man.
Yeah. Right?
Agathos just means good.
But we know with that definite article
there that it’s the good something it’s the good masculine something the good man right
go uh here’s what i want to do though i want to show you they tell you look at the paragraph
starting on page 125 at the bottom since both the article and the adjective as well as the noun
have gender number and case phrases such as ho agathos anthropos the good man were considered
redundant where the noun had a general meaning man woman or thing greek often left the noun
out and let the adjective stand as a noun and they say they say compare the english sentence
the good die young where the adjective good takes the place of good people right yeah so
that adjective there is just doing it’s basically just the adjective doing the job of a noun
yeah right oh agathos just means the good person hey agatha the good woman right fantastic okay
i knew that wouldn’t be none of that would be difficult for you let’s get some sentences
okay let’s get what um yeah we have the perfect passive back on page whatever i’m gonna plug
ahead we need to get to we need to get to there’s a lot of passives not just the perfect we need to
to get to some exercises now i don’t know if you’ve noticed but the exercises are getting
considerably more lengthy yeah i see that on 135 yes go to number six which is relatively short
okay oh actually go to 10 okay go to 10 look at that let’s do that one let’s look that can’t be
too hard come on is there a verb in that sentence anywhere probably an invisible one yes there is
an invisible one you got it so it’s just that verb to be go for it now i’ll shut up right
this one is extremely practical it must make perfect sense when it clicks when it clicks i
want you to in your own brain i want you to realize that moment and i want you to say okay
this is why it clicked for me but okay now shut up you go ahead work on it great it’s still greek
it’s still greek and it’s still hard yeah it’s a small sentence but it’s still hard
it right yeah well i don’t even know where to look for the b yeah yeah i mean hasn’t made sense yet
has it no okay give me what makes some sense of it what what you got so far i mean i have not
got the horses the stone and the plane but i haven’t i haven’t broken it really down you’re
almost there you’re almost there say that to yourself a couple of times until it makes sense
you suck chewy oh
chewy chewy refuses to do it while you’re sitting here
no so it’s just you madeline oh all right well thanks a lot chewy um
i don’t know this one is like okay i’m like trying to think about when we just discussed
but yeah take i’m gonna make one slight adjustment on you take hoy lethoi hoy lethoi yeah as your
subject and then you’re going to be go which stones the stones hoy in toy pediway in the
planes good the stones in the plane are what okay so the stones in the plane are not good
for the horses nice do you see it clicked right it wasn’t as much how do you know i mean how do
you know what how do you know the stones of the subject yes well that’s the it would be the yeah
no your question is perfect because you don’t know if agathoi there that looks like a nominative
plural that could be your subject right the good people you don’t know if the lithoi are your
subject there because that looks that’s also in the nominative plural um how do you tell look
you’ve got the definite article with hoi lethoi right you don’t have it with agathoi so it’s
trying to kick to you the little cheat that the lethoi are the stones okay right good good the
stones on the plane are not good for the horses right look at number 12
that’s a question yeah you know are those poietai are they sufficient
are they yeah yeah are they enough didascane to teach now look at tus politas there is your
yeah good the citizens and what are they teaching the citizens
ten are ten do you remember what arete is virtue yeah virtue okay there you go
there you go right now i want you to see this next one number 13 i want you to see it’s a
conditional and it’s yeah and it’s confusing that’s what we’re going to come back to that
i want you to hit but before you i want you to go to this page 137 okay and now this is actual
greek i’m gonna quiz you here line line 371 is actual greek you have all the vocabulary
that you need down below so translate that go okay so it says a young wife
without a dowry is not able to have freedom of speech yeah i would give that a thumbs up
right she’s not able to have free speech good good fantastic i don’t know what kind of lesson
that is because that’s actual greek right that’s menander and menander is is as you can see from
the next one is is negative all the time that one says gamos god anthropocene he says marriage
you know for people for um marriage is a terrible thing that you just can’t get beyond you just gotta
do it you you know you gotta seek out for it you know you gotta pray for it and it’s and it’s an
evil kakon elk die on kakon it’s an evil to be prayed for right wow interesting interesting
interesting you think it’s kind of negative yeah I think it’s interesting the an evil to be prayed
for yeah yeah yeah look at number 523 hoopnos denon Anthropos excuse me again there’s no verb
there so they’re just using the verb to be they’re trying to hit you over the head with that just to
you to realize you don’t need a verb right if you don’t have one it just you just have a verb to be
something is something else yeah so hoopnos is a danon kakon hoopnos what do you get for hope to
sleep right sleep is a terrible thing man it’s a danon kakon oh god right and they give you what
give you for danos they give you fearsome marvelous yeah fearsome it’s a fearful evil
for people why is he so negative
see how and you’re going to be working with authors like this and you’re going to be like oh
god you know this is a classical author and i love the greek experience but this guy is awful
you know he no he is menander’s totally negative all the time but anyway he’s like oh you’re lucky
if you die without being raped you know stuff like that he’s just terrible um look at okay back
to the exercises look at number nine yeah look at number nine a a blah base okay so i see an
a plus what is a blah base um that is an uh is it an imperfect blah base what principle part
what’s the first principle part of this verb that’s what we got to figure out oh um the second
no let’s just tell me what the first prince what we need to do is we need to find what the first
principal part is go back to your vocabulary it’s it’s in this chapter oh okay oh yeah see
so it’d be this yeah six good sixth principal part what is the sixth principal part it’s that
heiress passive right so then it would be where’s my chart so what do we have exactly where’s my
chart right i usually have to scream at the students and say go to your chart right not you
all right and a eblabes eblabes so a plus an heiress a plus an heiress yeah a plus an heiress
would be past contrafactual okay good because and what are we expecting that past contrafactual
where you’re sitting looking at the chart an heiress indicative good and what yeah an heiress
plus on right at pimps us on dora pass counterfactual a plus heiress heiress plus on
oh god and how do we pan how do we translate this what’s the translation formula um oh it’s uh uh
if i if i were then i would no that’s a present contrafactual oh my bad that’s too imperfect
what is this one this is oh if someone had then they would have good yeah my bad i wrote that
good a blah base so let’s translate it a blah base that’s an heiress what person number is the ace
a second
if you
if you
if you had
if you had harmed
except it’s passive it’s an heiress passive
if you had been harmed
been harmed yeah
now look at the
by the teacher
good good
keep going you’re doing it
um then they would have sent a gift or would not have sent a gift good yes yeah it’s got an
would not have sent a gift right you wouldn’t have sent a gift look at that look you just got
a whole conditional sentence be proud of yourself that thing is they’re hard they’re not easy right
no yeah good good forget the rest of it go to the go to number three because i just want you
to identify this conditional a a a plus what where’s our verb peace good yeah now what is
pace they take go back to your vocabulary list and say what is pace they take from which verb
is that from is that is that not from um uh to teach or no no no oh persuade yeah there you go
persuade what principal part is that what principal part is that uh the the fifth pace pace my
they see that they always that yeah well s s s a pace thing okay so that’s the heiress passive right
yeah and what you’ve got here is an aorist passive without an augment it’s not a paste
yeah right so what can we have there uh oh it’s uh it’s the aorist optative good
good so all of that so we can say okay it’s an a plus an optative right now what’s the what’s
the hypothesis good which is what look at the vowels on alpha Yoda on that yeah
um so it’s uh good yeah good aristoptative right i mean i say i’m an isaian right yeah okay there
you go just from the vowels right and it doesn’t have an augment on it because subjunctives and
optatives don’t use augments right so good an aristoptative so we have a plus optative
Optative plus on
Because it’s got an on there
So which one of those conditionals
Was an a plus an optative
Optative plus on
Oh that would be
Future less vivid
Good and what’s the translation formula
For future less vivid
If he should
Then they would
Good if now just look at this sentence
A pace theta
If you should persuade
Right just stop right there
if you should persuade, they would not stop. They would not stop. Okay. Excellent. Should would. I
just want you to see it’s a should would. Now, do you see, we’ve done the same thing we did
with that last unit. We’ve gone down and we’ve broken down the sentence before we’re ever
charging into it, before we’re ever trying to figure out what the hell’s going on.
yeah if you don’t you’re welcome to play with it if you don’t have a verb and you know it’s a verb
to be you know it’s just the verb to be but if you’ve got an actual non-verb of being but a doing
then you’ve got to pay close attention to the overall structure and that’s all i’m trying to
get you to do if you you don’t have to do it but if you just looked at number eight you can identify
boom right away what kind of clauses do you have you have some kind of if clause there but look
then you got a henna at the end of the first line so you’ve got a purpose clause yeah yeah you’ve
got a purpose clause tacked on to that when you when you translate when you translate what i am
teaching you is this is the way you are not sitting there just reading you are analyzing
you are analyzing you have to analyze that entire sentence before you can really before it clicks
and it puts itself together good okay um i want to say turn to page 138 now okay turn to page 138
and there is real greek there is some real greek this is from sophocles from some of his fragments
That means these are not like, you know, survivable plays.
They’re just a couple of lines that we get here and there.
Somebody quoting.
I want you to look at 14p.
Sofoi, turanoi, tonsofon, xunusiai.
What are our vocab there?
Sofoi, right?
From sofos, meaning wise.
Turanoi, you can figure that one out, right?
and then which is our they give you the they they give you the being together with or in
company with it’s literally a being as being soon with someone so see if you can figure out what
means okay um yeah for everybody watching madelena translate real sophically it’s
by the way she was just learning the alphabet last week right so right tons of work that she’s
being that she’s putting in this stuff and granted she had a little bit of just a little bit of you
know pre-exposure but people she’s reading it from the sources so please please uh make a note of it
right okay sorry madeline take your time if you can figure out what when it clicks you yell at me
and i’m gonna i’m gonna listen to your translation okay so it’d be um a a it would be a a wise
rulers and company with wisdom almost perfect almost perfect almost perfect yes is your subject
right yeah rulers rulers now there’s got to be a verb to be somewhere in here you can say the wise
rulers are something but then there’s nothing there that works because you got a dative you
just got a dative yeah right by means of the company tone so phone of the wise by means of
the company the wise so your verb to be is gonna have to be like right then your verb then so
tyrants are wise by means of the company of wise people okay does that does it click yeah
okay how about 850p can you make that one click and that first chi i mean that chi that starts
off the line translate that as the adverbial chi which is even not even so yeah good even
and let me hear you say it i want to hear you say it please okay uh
okay you’re you’re approaching you’re approaching now here’s i’m gonna there’s
a couple of things in this just this one line or this these two lines but it’s half and half so
it’s a full line okay there’s there’s a couple of things here that are going on that you would
never catch that are peculiar to the greek okay the first thing here you translated the ends right
the end right but the gods are not right the gods don’t whatever but at the front kai te even
kaita excuse me even the things the things ta by itself just that article it’s a neuter plural
and it just means the things things even yeah go now you can do it even the things
ton theon even the things the god the with the god of the god even the things of the god
good good even the things of the gods good now you got it keep going
even the things of the gods die good uh the gods don’t right but you can say but the gods don’t
the gods don’t even the things of the gods die but the gods don’t there you go there you go and
you’re just reading sophocles who is like who is like one of the most highly revered athenian
authors of antiquity. So, okay. Right. Now what this is doing, go ahead and take it down to it.
Okay. Let’s stop there. What it’s doing is it’s giving you the ability. It’s giving you the
ability to break down the sentence, to examine it, and then to restructure it, put it back together
into English. And that’s exactly what you’re going to be doing. Okay. You’re going to be
looking at the language enough to realize all of its ins and outs and its foibles and the things
that are unique about it and oh you can use a neuter plural for this and oh you can do this
with a conditional and flip this around just getting used to that and the process of translating
is all about standing back and analyzing the sentence and saying what is the where’s the verb
you know is there a dependent purpose clause is this a conditional what kind of sentence is this
there’s no verb oh it’s one of those right so it’s not exactly what you think it would be
classical philology you’d think it would be just fluent reading and trust me when i’m reading
uh so for example i just found some stuff by um tsitsis and so i’ve got i’m going through it and
i’m reading it right um as i translate it to chewy right if she’s sitting there listening as i
translate it to her i have to read the whole sentence analyze the structure and then go back
and translate it now because i’ve been doing it for so long it’s automatic so it is like reading
it is like reading like just like you would in english just translating directly yeah but
um, behind the scenes, behind the curtain, I’m sitting there analyzing each sentence saying
there’s the main verb, you know, all that kind of stuff. So you don’t do that in English. When
you learn to speak English, you don’t sit there and analyze the sentence grammatically while you
speak. Right. And you don’t do that at all, but you have to do that with the Greek. And when you
throw in that, this is all addict that you’re going to be learning, you know, I can throw a
different dialect to you and suddenly you’ve got different endings what are you what are you going
to do then right oh god if you’ve had your attic you’ll be able to say oh look this is a vowel
they’re just changing the vowels here this is actually the main soto endings they’re just
changing the vowels so i can deal with that right it’s that’s how greek is you have to really be on
your toes with it that’s why um uh luke gorton who will be coming back danny re-invited him i
decided to go ahead have a debate only this time all the gloves are off and i get to sodomize him
as i see fit with just translating greek that’s all we’re gonna do is i’m gonna throw greek at
him and he’s gonna throw greek at me and we’re gonna see which fucking one of us can actually
translate this stuff that’s great yeah no it’s gets yeah it’s the only way i told danny i would
come back so yeah no that’s okay so um uh what let me give you a little breakdown you are faster
than the average student okay you’re obviously operating in the 90 and above which is good
but you’re assimilating the material faster i don’t have to remind you to just little stuff
like check the chart you know what i mean you do that you plug it in then boom then you just
translate the sophocles i didn’t really have to hold your hand i just have to get out there in
front of you and let you go do it on your own. So that was unit five that we’ve just had. There
was a lot of morphology. I would love to have extra time to quiz you on the morphology,
but because we’re doing this the way we’re doing it, I’m just going to have to correct you while
we’re doing exercises because there’s so, so much material. So what I want you to be doing in the
off time is firming up your morphology if you can just look at those look at those passive forms
make sure you’ve kind of gotta go over them a couple of times you know whenever you get five
extra minutes go over take five minutes go over try to firm that up but you are so fast that we
can now proceed on schedule i can do unit six now tomorrow okay yeah i can i can i can expect for you
to be able to complete unit six and if all goes well maybe even a little more than that that’s a
shit ton okay if we do and by the way when we’re doing the exercises if we do together a third of
them to a half of them okay that is what you should really shoot shoot for so when i say like
tomorrow i want you to have read unit six and this time just because you’re a little bit faster than
the rest of the horses i’m gonna put you in the fast position i’m gonna say also do somewhere
between one and five exercises of your choosing if you want to flip through those exercises say
these first three they’re too long let me let me try the the next couple of exercises
and then maybe come back and pick up one of these or something you do five roughly five exercises
to see where you stand so that when you come into it tomorrow you’re already keyed into that so
that’s that’s a lot more work than you think it is because you still got to do vocabulary
you still read the whole chapter but tomorrow i want to try it with you doing three or four
five sentences that you that you have prepped if you can get that far i know this you still have a
life and you still have children you still have a shit ton of stuff to do okay if you can make it
through this with as much that you have to do nobody will have any excuse right not to be able
to do this right yeah everybody should be able to do this so unless you’re just the phenomenon you
could be a phenom and in which case you know we’re all screwed because then the you’re not
i’m gonna try this another way with a different part i mean i’m gonna try this the same way with
a different person and they’re gonna you know flounder i’m gonna be like what’s wrong well
you weren’t the phenom right yeah my bad madelena is the madelena has skewed the results now right
now i gotta curve everybody’s exam because right she’s blew it out of the water but that’s what i
want to do because and i think you can i think you can and i think we can do this in the four
week time so um i’m gonna say let’s in there tonight i want to ask you do you have any
overall questions for me um i don’t think so i i’m gonna try to memorize uh some of these
passive endings and vocab from the last few units and the next one so and work on that so
it’s so much work it is so much work okay i’m gonna talk about you again and i’m gonna let
people know she’s still there right she’s still there and she’s functioning at 100 right so um
thank you thank you for doing this because this is taking out a serious chunk of your life i
appreciate you doing yeah of course okay okay we’re gonna end a little bit early get some
all right i i hope you have a good night and thank you you know godspeed to your brain
and what it’s doing awesome thank you see you talk to you guys thank you
Source: Lady Babylon