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Video Description
The shadow only disappears at night — in the daylight of a human life, it is always there. This lecture from Academy of Ideas tackles Carl Jung’s most practical teaching: the goal is wholeness, not perfection. Into the shadow go the traits society punished — not just destructive urges, but also assertiveness, creativity, and healthy ambition. Jung taught that reconnecting with that exiled side is the road to self-reliance and real strength. His famous rebuke closes the idea: those weaklings were not good — they simply had no claws.
Full Video Transcript
Good does not become better by being exaggerated, but worse.
And a small evil becomes a big one through being disregarded and repressed.
The shadow is very much a part of human nature, and it is only at night that no shadows exist.
Carl Jung stressed that an individual’s proper goal is wholeness, not perfection.
The path to a greater character, to a more effectual approach to life,
lies in integrating those elements of our psyche that for too long have been repressed and denied.
side. The elements that make up what Jung called our unconscious shadow side. What is
it that most people deny and repress into their shadow? All that is deemed bad or immoral
by society. All that is frowned upon by our family or peers. All the traits that when
initially expressed were ridiculed, shunned, or met with punishment. But given that no
moral code is perfect and no family or peer group is ideal, in adapting to the social
world, we not only repressed destructive elements of our personality such as our unbridled sexuality,
anger, and untamed animal impulses, but we also repressed positive and life-promoting
characteristics.
Perhaps our assertiveness was frowned upon, our early attempts at creativity ridiculed,
or maybe our competitiveness or ambition was felt by those close to us to be a threat.
As a result of repressing elements of our personality into our shadow we were made tame,
obedient, predictable, perhaps likable, but at the cost of our vitality and psychological
wholeness.
In this video, we are going to explore how to integrate our shadow and analyze the connection
between our shadow and greatness of self.
For as Edward Whitmont wrote, The shadow, when it is realized, is the source
of renewal.
When there is an impasse and sterile time in our lives, despite an adequate ego development,
we must look to the dark, hitherto unacceptable side which has been at our conscious disposal.
To begin, we must examine how our dark, hitherto unacceptable side can be a key to unlock our
potential. For doesn’t conventional wisdom warn us that our dark side consists of a wickedness
we need to overcome? But the connection between the integration of our shadow and the development
of a greater character becomes clear when we understand Jung’s assertion that the
integration of the shadow leads to self-reliance. This integration of the shadow leads to disobedience
and disgust, but also to self-reliance, without which individuation is unthinkable. In becoming
Being aware of the shadow, first as an intellectual concept, and then via introspection and reflection,
we seek to discover what our own personal shadow consists of, we awaken to a moral conflict,
to the troubling idea that a portion of our personality is at odds with contemporary morality
and with what our family, peers, and society judge as good and evil.
In the attempt to protect our personality, this recognition can motivate us to take a
stance with Nietzsche beyond good and evil, and to examine the morality we have been socialized into.
In undergoing such an examination, we are likely to discover how much hypocrisy,
complacency, and fear underlies many of the moral injunctions we obey, and furthermore,
that ridicule and moral condemnation are often driven by envy. In response to this realization,
we may feel the need to behave in ways less in line with the dominant moral code of our day,
ways considered evil by social morality. It is not that we want to become evil in the sense of
turning criminal or committing heinous acts against our fellow man, but evil in the sense
of detaching ourselves from what we see as the flaws of our moral code so we can reconnect with
the parts of our personality we lost in our shadow long ago. As Eric Neumann, a student of Jung’s,
explained, The psychological analysis of any normal development will make it clear that,
if he is to grow up, it is not merely unavoidable but actually essential that the individual should
do and assimilate a certain amount of evil, and that he should be able to overcome the conflicts
involved in this process. The achievement of independence involves the capacity of the ego
not only to adopt the values of the collective but also to secure the fulfillment of those needs of
the individual which run counter to collective values, and this entails doing evil. Most people
People are horrified at the thought of questioning, or heaven forbid, breaking the moral code
they were socialized into.
They believe the value judgments good and evil imposed on them by their schooling, parents,
peers, and society are written into the fabric of reality itself.
They do not understand that a morality, like a society, can be sick and in need of overcoming.
And so, for the common man and woman, the existence of the shadow poses too great a
threat to their fragile self-image, a self-image that was constructed over years of adjusting
who they thought others expected and wanted them to be. But in never mustering up the courage to
confront the elements of one’s shadow, it does not go away. Rather, it puts one in the unfortunate
position of susceptibility to possession by its destructive side, to following in the tragic
footsteps of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. For in public, most people are conscientious,
moral and moderate. But behind closed doors and in the comfort of hearth and home,
their shadow at times turns them into marionettes, unconscious victims of addictions, strange
compulsions, fits of irrational anger, and a myriad of other self-destructive behaviors.
Man has to realize that he possesses a shadow which is the dark side of his own personality,
if only for the reason that he is so often overwhelmed by it. Or as Carl Jung warned,
By not being aware of having a shadow, you declare a part of your personality to be non-existent.
Then it enters the kingdom of the non-existent, which swells up and takes on enormous proportions.
If you get rid of qualities you don’t like by denying them, you become more and more unaware
of what you are. You declare yourself more and more non-existent, and your devils will grow
fatter and fatter. As denying our shadow only renders us prone to possession by its destructive
side, integrating our shadow into our conscious personality is crucial for our well-being.
To gain some insight regarding how to do this, we are going to focus on the integration of one
shadow characteristic many of us desperately need to integrate, that being our aggression.
In modern society, the word aggression typically stimulates thoughts of violence and destruction.
In other words, we focus only on one side of the aggressive coin.
For there is a healthy form of aggression that is imperative not only to our psychological health,
but our survival. This form of aggression fuels our sense of self-ownership.
emboldens us in the face of fear, and ignites the drive to explore and master the world outside us
and within. Aggression is not necessarily destructive at all, wrote the psychoanalyst
Clara Thompson. It springs from an innate tendency to grow and master life which seems
to be characteristic of all living matter. Only when this life force is obstructed in its
development do ingredients of anger, rage, or hate become connected with it. Unfortunately,
For many of us the life force of aggression was obstructed throughout our development.
Our displays of aggression, whether constructive or otherwise, were not met with encouragement or
understanding, but frowns, punishment, and even violence. And so, to adapt to our environment
and minimize conflict, we learned to repress our aggression into our shadow side, and thereafter
became susceptible to anger, rage, and hate. Based on decades of experience with patients,
The psychotherapist Alexander Loewen observed that
If we have repressed our aggression into our shadow, how can we integrate it in a way that alleviates our anger
and propels us towards wholeness and greatness of character?
The following passage provides some pertinent warnings and clues.
There is no generally effective technique for assimilating the shadow.
It is more like diplomacy or statesmanship, and it is always an individual matter.
First, one has to accept and take seriously the existence of the shadow.
Second, one has to become aware of its qualities and intentions.
This happens through conscientious attention to moods, fantasies, and impulses.
Third, a long process of negotiation is unavoidable.
After we take seriously the existence of the shadow,
We next need to pay close attention to our moods and fantasies. Do we experience a simmering anger for no apparent reason?
Maybe we have recurring fantasies born of resentment bitterness self-hate the desire for destruction or revenge
In either case it is likely. We have not adequately integrated our aggression into our conscious personality to initiate this integration process
We can seek safe controlled and productive outlets within which we can start acting with more aggression
The most obvious outlet is to find a competitive sport, martial art or exercise regime, whereby
we can begin to reconnect to our aggressive instincts.
But we can also, for example, work on becoming more assertive in our behavior, more decisive
in our choices, or more inclined to stand our ground when tested by our coworkers, family
or peers.
As Jung explained,
This integration of the shadow cannot take place and be put to a useful purpose unless
Thus one can admit the tendencies bound up with the shadow and allow them some measure
of realization, tempered, of course, with the necessary criticism.
As we undergo this process, we need to be careful not to overcompensate in our behavior.
Of all evil I deem you capable, wrote Nietzsche, therefore I want the good from you.
Verily, I have often laughed at the weaklings who thought themselves good because they had
no claws.
For the goal in integrating our aggression is not to become a bad person, but to get
in touch with the repressed energies and potentials needed to sculpt a great and powerful character.
We want to become capable of acting with force, not to be forceful. Potentially dangerous,
not a violent criminal. Able to stand up for ourselves in what we believe in, not vicious
and mean. If we can extrapolate the integration method
just outlined and use it to integrate other shadow characteristics, perhaps those tied
to our sexuality, our creativity, our ambition or desire for power, we will start to notice
our personality transform in a myriad of dramatic ways. We will become more grounded, more secure
in our skin, more independent in our moral judgments, more courageous and self-reliant.
In short, in integrating our shadow we will move towards the ideal of psychological wholeness,
and this is the ideal that produces the greatness of character that is sorely missing in this
modern world. The acceptance of the shadow involves a growth in depth into the ground
of one’s own being, a new depth and rootedness and stability is born.
Source: Academy of Ideas