Descriptions:
Video Description
Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it — and Rome’s fate is a warning we are ignoring. This lecture from Academy of Ideas traces how monetary inflation destroyed the ancient world’s greatest empire. It follows the debasement of the silver denarius, the failed price controls of Diocletian, and the runaway hyperinflation that left commoners’ savings worthless. The lesson is stark: when governments can create money without limit, they play with fire that ends in ruin. The only durable protection, it argues, is money that people choose freely in the market.
Full Video Transcript
Learn more about our membership, access transcripts, and the art we use in the videos by visiting academyofideas.com.
If inflation is not eliminated very soon, all our technological and scientific improvements will not prevent us from a tremendous financial catastrophe
that will destroy practically all that civilization has created in the last several hundred years.
The philosopher George Santayana stated that those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
And in the modern day, we are committing a massive economic blunder which has brought ruin to countless past societies.
Central banks are inflating our money supplies at rates that could bring about the collapse of our economy and pull down civilization with it.
And in this video, using the example of ancient Rome, we will explore the destructive effects of a policy of inflation.
No matter how modest or benign it may seem at first, an inflationary policy is always fatal in the long run.
It has been tried many times and has always failed.
It does not solve the problems of the society.
It aggravates them and leads inexorably on towards self-destruction.
Inflation is defined in several ways.
Some use it to refer to a rise in the general level of prices, or what can be called price
inflation.
Others use it to refer to an increase in the supply of money issued by a government or
a central bank, which is called monetary inflation.
For the purpose of this video, we are going to concentrate on the latter phenomenon, as
monetary inflation leads to price inflation and so can be considered the more primary
phenomenon.
Or as the 20th century economist Ludwig von Mises explains,
Prices are going up because there is an additional quantity of money, asking, searching for a
not increased quantity of commodities.
In the newspapers or the theorists call the higher prices inflation.
But the inflation is not the higher prices.
the inflation is the new money pumped into the market. It is this new money that then
inflates the prices. In the early Republic of Rome, the Roman state
engaged in a policy of territorial expansion, and with each conquest of a neighboring region,
the state plundered the defeated empire’s treasury and increased its own hoard. However,
after suffering defeat against the Germans in 9 AD, Emperor Augustus terminated the policy
of expansion and the flow of wealth from foreign lands ceased.
Augustus and the emperors who followed thus faced insufficient revenue.
Taxes could only be raised so much without whipping up the sands of revolt.
And so, as Joseph Tainter explains, when extraordinary expenses arose the supply of coinage was frequently
insufficient.
To counter this problem, Nero began in 64 AD a policy that subsequent emperors found
increasingly irresistible.
This policy involved debasing the value of the standard Roman silver coin, the denarius,
by infusing it with cheap metals such as copper, and clipping both gold and silver coins, or
in other words, reducing the size of them.
The excess precious metal obtained from clipping and debasing coins was then used to create
more coins.
And with these newly minted coins the Roman state covered its debts and expenses and fattened
the pockets of statesmen and political insiders.
The modern equivalent of this policy is the expansion of the supply of paper or digital
money.
However, whether one debases and clips coins in order to create more coins, prints more
paper money, or adds digits to an account held with a central bank, the result is the
same, monetary inflation.
The quantity of money is increased, and all other things equal, this leads to price inflation
and a rise in the cost of living.
a monetary inflation the newly created money does not enter the economy in a uniform manner.
It tends to first enter the economy through the hands of the politically connected. As
these people and institutions are able to spend the newly created money, before the
monetary inflation drives up prices, they benefit from the inflation. Or as Jesus Huerta
de Soto writes, The process of monetary inflation gives rise
to a redistribution of income in favor of those who first received the new injections
or doses of monetary units, to the detriment of the rest of society, who find that with
the same monetary income, the prices of goods and services begin to go up.
In ancient Rome, the state took advantage of the delay between the debasement of the
denarius and the market’s realization of its diminished value.
It paid its debts and expenses with newly minted and debased coins, at prices that did
not reflect the increase in the supply of money.
In this way, the political elite of Rome discovered a means to increase their spending whenever
they wanted, without raising taxes.
And so, following the example set by Nero, whenever an emperor faced a shortage of funds,
sought to expand the military, institute a new project or program, or merely enlarge
the state’s treasury, he would debase and clip coins and increase the supply of money.
And as Mises writes,
If you want to study inflation today, go to a museum where they have coins minted in the
past and see what happened to the silver coins of the ancient Roman Empire.
In there you will see what governments did in order to profit by falsifying the system
of money, by increasing, illegally and against the wishes of the people, the quantity of
money.
By the year 200 AD, the denarius was debased to 50% of its original silver content, and
the rising prices that followed became impossible to ignore.
At this time, the Roman state was, in the words of Harold Mattingly, moving steadily
in the direction of bankruptcy.
And so, despite the rising prices, the state decided to try to maintain the illusion of
prosperity by continuing with its policy of inflation.
And as a result, by the latter part of the third century the currency was so worthless
that the state resorted to forced labor.
The state was so unable to rely on money to meet its needs that it collected its taxes
in the form of supplies directly usable by the military and other branches of government,
or in bullion, to avoid having to accept its own worthless coins.
Referring to what happens to a society when its system of money is progressively destroyed
by inflation, the American historian Otto Friedrich explained,
If all money becomes worthless, then so does all government, and all society, and all standards.
This breakdown in the social order was readily apparent in ancient Rome.
the period between 235 and 284 A.D. Groups of military deserters, whom the Roman state
was unable to pay, roamed the countryside, pillaging small towns and farms.
Barbarians sacked and burned towns, destroyed crops, stole cattle, and carried Romans away
into slavery.
The average reign for an emperor was a few months.
Many Roman emperors were executed, and at one time thirty different men laid claim to
the throne.
Civil wars were common.
population declined, lawlessness prevailed in what remained under Roman control.
From barbarism to civilization requires a century.
From civilization to barbarism needs but a day, explained the historian Will Durant.
In the attempt to deal with rapidly rising prices, in 301 AD the Emperor Diocletian made
the mistake that so many politicians commit during an inflationary period, refusing to
acknowledge that rising prices were primarily driven by the state’s policy of monetary inflation,
he tried to solve the problem by implementing price controls for goods such as wheat and other
necessities. However, these price controls led to shortages, the ruin of merchants and the
decimation of trade between the various regions of Rome. Sheer necessity led to the repeal of the law,
explained Lactantius, an adviser to the Emperor Constantine.
At one point Diocletian considered restoring value to the coinage, but the state lacked
sufficient stores of silver and gold. Faced with massive expenditures and an ever-growing debt,
Diocletian, and the emperors who followed him, felt their hands to be tied and so continued
onward with a policy of inflation. Just as when you start to use certain drugs you don’t know
when to stop nor how to stop, it is the same with inflation. The governments don’t know when
nor how to stop,” warned Ludwig von Mises. Due to the state’s prolonged policy of inflation,
in the first half of the fourth century, hyperinflation kicked in. Joseph Tainter writes,
In the second century a maudius of wheat, approximately nine liters,
during normal times, had sold for half denarius. The same maudius of wheat sold in 335 AD for over
6,000 denarii, and in 338 for over 10,000. In 324 the gold solidus was worth 4,250 denarii,
yet by 337 it was worth 250,000. By 363 the value stood at 30 million denarii to the solidus.
Whatever savings commoners held in denarii were reduced to a value of practically nothing.
Those who could not pay their taxes were jailed, and so some families abandoned their homes and
possessions or else sold their children into slavery.
In talking about inflation, we should not forget that there is the danger that depriving
the masses of their savings will make them desperate.
Farmers became dependent on their next harvest.
Whatever crops were brought in were immediately sold to cover the cost of taxes.
If barbarians raided or if a drought or locusts destroyed their crops, they borrowed from
neighbors, starved, or were jailed by the state.
Under conditions of famine it was the farmers, amazingly enough, who were the first to suffer,
often flocking to cities that held stores of grain, writes Joseph Tainter.
Due to increasing lawlessness, unrest, and revolt, the political elite felt their power
slipping away and so they grew desperate.
Despite widespread poverty and famine, the state grew more authoritarian and continued
to increase taxes and inflate the currency.
However, by the 5th century, the peasantry was too decimated from prolonged state predation,
and so, as Joseph Tainter writes,
The advantage of empire declined so precipitously that many peasants were apathetic about the
dissolution of Roman rule, while some actively joined the invaders. The Roman Empire lost both
its legitimacy and its survivability. The empire could no longer afford the problem of its own
existence. The story of Rome contains often neglected but important lessons. One of these
lessons is that when a government or banking elite claims the right to expand the supply of money
without limits, it plays with a fire that can quickly spiral out of control and end in economic
ruin, revolution, or even outright societal collapse. The only way to protect against the
dangers of a policy of monetary inflation is for the control of money to be taken out of the hands
of governments and central banks.
The interactions of people, voluntarily exchanging on the market, must beget forms of money which
are widely used, and which cannot be manipulated by any man or institution.
Phrasmesis wrote, Through a long evolution, governments, or
certain groups of governments, have promoted the idea that money is not simply a market
phenomenon, but that it is whatever the government calls money.
But money is not what the government says.
Money is the generally accepted and generally used medium of exchange.
It is not something created by the government.
It is something created by the people buying and selling on the market.
This content is made possible by individuals like you.
Become a supporting member and access our growing library of membership courses and
videos.
Learn more at academyofideas.com slash members
Source: Academy of Ideas